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"A generation which ignores history has no past and
no future." ~Robert Heinlein
Exploring the Explorers
Essential Question:
What is out there?
exploration (noun)- the act of searching or traveling for
the purpose of discovery
Exploration leads to discoveries of new and exciting
people, places, and things. You are heading out on an
expedition to explore the European Explorers. Who
were they? Why did they explore? When did they live?
Why are they important to our lives today?
European Explorers
The Silk Road, or Silk Route, is an interconnected
series of ancient trade routes through various
regions of the Asian continent mainly connecting
Chang'an in China , with Asia Minor and the
Mediterranean . It extends over 8,000 km (5,000
miles) on land and sea. Trade on the Silk Road was
a significant factor in the development of the great
civilizations of China, Egypt, Mesopotamia,
Persia, Indian subcontinent, and Rome , and
helped to lay the foundations for the modern
world.
Portugal
&
Prince Henry the Navigator
Astrolabe
The Astrolabe is an instrument used to calculate the
positions of the sun, moon and stars. It helped
sailors find their location by using the position of the
sun or the North Star.
(photo courtesy Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum)
http://teacherweb.com/WI/Rhinelander/MrsRumney/SD3L3.stm
Caravel: A Revolutionary Sailing Ship
The caravel (also spelled carvel) is a
light sailing ship that that was
developed by the Portuguese in the late
1400's, and was used for the next 300
years. The Portuguese developed this
ship to help them explore the African
coast.
The caravel was an improvement on
older ships because it could sail very
fast and also sail well into the wind
(windward). Caravel planking on the
hull replaced thinner, less effective
planking. Caravels were broad-beamed
ships that had 2 or 3 masts with square
sails and a triangular sail (called a
lanteen). They were up to about 65 feet
long and could carry roughly 130 tons
of cargo. Caravels were smaller and
lighter than the later Spanish galleons
(developed in the 1500's).
DIAS, BARTOLOMEU
Bartolomeu Dias (1457-1500) was a great Portuguese navigator
and explorer who explored Africa's coast. In 1488, Dias led the first
European expedition to sail around Africa's Cape of Good Hope,
leaving Tagus, Portugal in 1487. This breakthrough of
circumnavigating the Cape of Good Hope opened up lucrative
trading routes from Europe to Asia. Dias may have originally called
the southern tip of Africa the "Cape of Storms"; it was later
renamed the Cape of Good Hope.
On a later expedition, Dias sailed near South America on the way
to Africa, and spotted land at Espírito Santo in Brazil, calling it the
"Land of the True Cross." Although they thought it to be an island,
Dias was still among the first Europeans to see Brazil. Dias died
during this expedition; he was lost at sea near the Cape of Good
Hope in 1500.
DA GAMA, VASCO
Vasco da Gama (1460-1524) was a Portuguese explorer who
discovered an ocean route from Portugal to the East.
Da Gama sailed from Lisbon, Portugal, around Africa's Cape of
Good Hope, to India (and back) in 1497-1499. At that time, many
people thought that this was impossible to do because it was
assumed that the Indian Ocean was not connected to any other
seas.
Da Gama's patron was King Manuel I of Portugal, who sent da
Gama, then an Admiral, on another expedition to India (15021503). After King Manuel's death, King John III sent da Gama to
India as a Portuguese viceroy (the King's representative in
India). Da Gama died in India in 1524.
COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER
Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was an Italian explorer who sailed
across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492, hoping to find a route to India (in
order to trade for spices). He made a total of four trips to the
Caribbean and South America during the years 1492-1504, sailing for
King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella of Spain. On his first trip,
Columbus led an expedition with three ships, the Niña, the Pinta, and
the Santa Maria.
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/1500a.shtml
1
John Cabot: Explorer
John Cabot (about 1450-1499) was an Italian-born English explorer and
navigator. In Italy, he is known as Giovanni Caboto (which is his original
name).
Cabot was born in Italy but moved to England in 1495. At the request of
King Henry VII of England, Cabot sailed to Canada in 1497, commanding
the small ship called "Matthew." Cabot landed near Labrador,
Newfoundland, or Cape Breton Island (the exact spot is uncertain) on June
24, 1497. One of John Cabot's three sons, the explorer Sebastian Cabot,
accompanied him on this trip. Cabot claimed the land for England.
Cabot explored the Canadian coastline and named many of its islands and
capes. The mission's purpose was to search for a Northwest passage
across North America to Asia (a seaway to Asia). Cabot was unsuccessful,
although he thought that he had reached northeastern Asia.
Cabot undertook a second, larger expedition in 1498. On this trip, Cabot
may have reached America, but that is uncertain. Cabot's expeditions were
the first of Britain's claims to Canada.
MAGELLAN, FERDINAND
Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) was a Portuguese explorer who led the
first expedition that sailed around the Earth (1519-1522). Magellan also
named the Pacific Ocean (the name means that it is a calm, peaceful
ocean).
The Line of Demarcation
Up to this time the two major powers exploring the world were Spain and Portugal.
These nations worried that their new territories would be taken by each other, or
by others. In order to protect their new empires these nations looked to the Pope
for help.
In 1493 the Pope drew a line on the globe cutting the new world in half. This line
was known as the line of demarcation. Any territory discovered on the East side of
the line was to be controlled by Portugal, while any lands found on the West side
of the line were to be ruled over by Spain.
In 1494 Spain and Portugal signed a treaty moving the line further West. This
treaty was known as the Treaty of Tordesillas, and divided the new world
between these two powers.
The Line of Demarcation between Spanish and Portuguese territory was first defined by Pope Alexander VI (1493)
and was later revised by the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494). Spain won control of lands discovered west of the line,
while Portugal gained rights to new lands to the east.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Related Articles:
Americas, colonization of the : Portugal in America (Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up))
Although the Portuguese were among the earliest and most prominent world explorers, their efforts in the New
World centered entirely on Brazil. After Spain made its first discoveries in the Western Hemisphere, a conflict
arose between Spain and Portugal concerning colonization rights to the New ...
Americas, early exploration of the : Spain and Portugal Divide Up the New World (Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11
and up))
When Columbus first returned to Spain, the Portuguese claimed that he had merely visited a part of their dominion
of Guinea in Africa. Spain and Portugal asked the pope to settle the dispute. He complied in 1493 by drawing an
arbitrary north-south Line of Demarcation. This imaginary line lay about ...
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas was a treaty between Portugal and
Spain in 1494 where they agreed to divide up all the land on the
Earth outside of Europe between the two of them, no matter who
was already living there.
VESPUCCI, AMERIGO
Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) was an Italian
explorer who was the first person to realize that
the Americas were separate from the continent of
Asia. America was named for him in 1507, when
the German mapmaker Martin Waldseemüller,
printed the first map that used the name America
for the New World.
On his first expedition (sailing for Spain, 14991500), Vespucci was the navigator under the
command of Alonso de Ojeda. On this trip, Ojeda
and Vespucci discovered the mouth of the
Amazon and Orinoco Rivers in South America,
thinking it was part of Asia. On his second
expedition (sailing for Portugal, 1501-02) he
mapped some of the eastern coast of South
America, and came to realize that it not part of
Asia, but a New World.
CABRAL, PEDRO ALVARES
Pedro Álvares Cabral (1467-1520) was a Portuguese nobleman,
explorer, and navigator who was the first European to land in
Brazil (on April 22, 1500). His patron was King Manuel I of
Portugal, who sent him on an expedition to India.
Cabral's 13 ships left on March 9, 1500, following the route of
Vasco da Gama. On April 22,1500, he sighted land (Brazil),
claiming it for Portugal and naming it the "Island of the True
Cross." King Manuel renamed this land Holy Cross; it was later
renamed once again, to Brazil, after a kind of dyewood found
there, called pau-brasil.
Cabral stayed in Brazil for 10 days and then continued on his
way to India, in a trip fraught with shipwrecks (at the Cape of
Good Hope), and fighting (with Muslim traders in India). After
trading for spices in India, Cabral returned to Portugal on June
23, 1501, with only four of the original 13 ships.
Spanish Conquerers
or
"Conquistadors"
VASCO NUNEZ DE BALBOA
Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1475-1519) was a
Spanish conquistador and explorer. He was the
first European to see the eastern part of the
Pacific Ocean (in 1513), after crossing the
Isthmus of Panama overland.
Only use link on name
with extra time
HERNAN CORTES
Hernán Cortés (also spelled Cortez), Marqués Del Valle De
Oaxaca (1485-1547) was a Spanish adventurer and
conquistador (he was also a failed law student) who overthrew
the Aztec empire and claimed Mexico for Spain (1519-21).
Cortes sailed with 11 ships from Cuba to the Yucatan Peninsula
to look for gold, silver, and other treasures. Hearing rumors of
great riches, Cortés traveled inland and "discovered"
Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec empire. He then brutally
killed the Aztec emperor Montezuma and conquered his Aztec
Empire of Mexico, claiming all of Mexico for Spain in 1521.
Treasures from the Aztecs were brought to Spain, and Cortés
was a hero in his homeland. Cortés was appointed governor of
the colony of New Spain, but eventually fell out of favor with the
royals. He then returned to Spain where he died a few years
later.
http://www.brainpop.com/socialstudies/worldhistory/conquistadors/
Spanish Conquerers
or
"Conquistadors"
PANFILO DE NARVAEZ
Panfilo de Narvaez (1470?-1528) was a Spanish explorer
and soldier. He helped conquer Cuba in 1511 and led a
Spanish royal expedition to North America (leaving Spain
in 1527). He was born in Valladolid, Spain and died on his
expedition to Florida.
De Narvaez was granted the land of Florida by the
Emperor Charles V in 1526. He led an expedition there
with 300 men, including Cabeza de Vaca. After surviving a
hurricane near Cuba, his expedition landed on the west
coast of Florida (near Tampa Bay) in April, 1528, claiming
the land for Spain.
DE LEON, PONCE
Juan Ponce de Leon (1460?-1521) was a Spanish
explorer and soldier who was the first European to set
foot in Florida. He also established the oldest European
settlement in Puerto Rico and discovered the Gulf
Stream (a current in the Atlantic Ocean). Ponce de Leon
was searching for the legendary fountain of youth and
other riches.
Hernando De Soto
Hernando De Soto (1500?-1542) was a Spanish explorer who sailed
the Atlantic Ocean and was the first European to explore Florida and
the southeastern US.
De Soto was born in the Spanish province of Extremadura (near
Portugal). In 1524, he went on an expedition to Nicaragua, South
America, with Francisco de Cordoba . De Soto sided with Pedro Arias
de Ávila (also called Pedrarias Dávila) against Cordoba (who had tried
to claim land for himself), and Cordoba was killed. De Soto lived for a
while in Nicaragua, prospering by engaging in the slave trade.
Francisco Pizarro enlisted de Soto for an expedition to Peru (15311532). During this expedition they met and killed Atahualpa, the ruler
of the Incas, and conquered the Inca empire.
De Soto returned to Spain in 1536, and was granted the rights to
conquer Florida and was named governor of Cuba in 1537.
De Soto arrived on the west coast of Florida on May 30, 1539 with 10
ships carrying over 600 soldiers, priests, and explorers. They spent
four years searching for gold and silver, exploring the area, and
brutally contacting native societies, including the Cherokees,
Seminoles, Creeks, Appalachians, and Choctaws. De Soto died during
the explorations and was buried on the banks of the Mississippi River
in late June, 1542.
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado (1510-1554) was a
Spanish ruler, explorer and conquistador. He was the first
European to explore North America's Southwest.
Coronado was a governor of New Galicia, a western
province of Mexico. He searched fruitlessly for treasure that
was rumored to exist in northern Mexico: the fabled seven
Golden Cities of Cibola. With a group of hundreds of
Spaniards and enslaved natives, he traveled through what
is now northern Mexico and the southwestern USA
(including Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and
Kansas). His expedition found only Zuñi, Hopi, and Pueblos,
native Americans who repelled Coronado when he
demanded that they convert to Christianity. Coronado killed
many native Americans during this expedition. Since he did
not find gold, silver, or other treasures, his expedition was
branded a failure by Spanish leaders.
GIOVANNI DA VERRAZZANO
Giovanni da Verrazzano (1485-1528) was an Italian navigator
who, in 1524, explored the northeast coast of North America
from Cape Fear, North Carolina to Maine while searching for a
Northwest passage to Asia. Verrazzano sailed for King Françoispremier (Francis I) of France. Verrazzano's brother, Girolamo da
Verrazzano, was a mapmaker who accompanyed Giovanni on
his voyage, and mapped the voyage.
Verrazzano left Madeira, Spain, on January 17, 1524, and landed
at Cape Fear on March 1. He first sailed south, then returned
and sailed north, to New York, anchoring the narrows that are
now name for him. He sailed up to Maine and then on to New
Foundland, Canada, and back to Europe (landing in Dieppe,
France on July 8). Verrazzano thought that North America was a
thin isthmus separating the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Verrazzano was killed and eaten by Carib Indians in 1528. The
Verrazzano Narrows Bridge, a suspension bridge that spans
New York Harbor, connecting Brooklyn and Staten Island (New
York, USA), was named for Verrazzano.
CARTIER, JACQUES
Jacques Cartier (1491-1557) was a French explorer who
led three expeditions to Canada, in 1534, 1535, and
1541. He was looking for a route to the Pacific through
North America (a Northwest Passage) but did not find
one. Cartier paved the way for French exploration of
North America.
Cartier sailed inland, going 1,000 miles up the St.
Lawrence River. He also tried to start a settlement in
Quebec (in 1541), but it was abandoned after a terribly
cold winter. Cartier named Canada ; "Kanata" means
village or settlement in the Huron-Iroquois language.
Cartier was given directions by Huron-Iroquois Indians
for the route to "kanata," a village near what is now
Quebec, but Cartier later named the entire region
Canada.
Henry Hudson
Henry Hudson (1565-1611) was an English explorer and navigator who explored
parts of the Arctic Ocean and northeastern North America. The Hudson River,
Hudson Strait, and Hudson Bay are named for Hudson.
Little is known about Hudson's early life. Hudson was hired by the Muscovy Company
in 1607, to find a waterway from Europe to Asia. Hudson made two trips (in 1607 and
1608), but failed to find a route to China. In 1607, he sailed to Spitzbergen (an island
north of Scandinavia in the Arctic Ocean) and discovered Jan Mayen Island (a tiny
island off eastern Greenland). In 1608, he sailed to Novaya Zemlya (an island north
of Russia in the Arctic Ocean).
Hudson was then hired by the Dutch East India Company in 1609, to try to find the
Northwest Passage farther south. On this trip in a ship called the Half Moon, Hudson
sailed to Nova Scotia, and then sailed south. He found what is now called the
Hudson River. Hudson is credited with discovering the location which is now New
York City (although da Verrazzano had previously sailed by the area in 1524).
Hudson sailed into New York's harbor on September 3, 1609 and noted what an
excellent harbor it was. Hudson sailed up the river about 150 miles (240 km) and
noted the abundance of rich land, but realized that this was not a waterway to India.
His reports resulted in many Dutch settlements in the area.
A 1610-1611 trip through the Hudson Strait and into Hudson Bay ended in a mutiny.
Hudson died in 1611 after his crew mutinied and left Hudson, his son, and seven
crew members adrift in a small, open boat in Hudson Bay.
"A generation which ignores history has no past and no future." ~Robert Heinlein
Ex
ploring the Explorers
Essential Question:
What is out there?
exploration (noun)- the act of searching or traveling for the purpose of discovery
Exploration leads to discoveries of new and exciting people, places, and things. You are heading out on an expedition to explore the
European Explorers. Who were they? Why did they explore? When did they live? Why are they important to our lives today?
www.irwinator.com/120/ch2.htm <http://www.irwinator.com/120/ch2.htm>
Attachments
Trade_Route_to_the_Indies__Genoa__Venice__and_the_Great_Silk_Road.asf
Portuguese_Explorers__Exploration_of_the_African_Coast.asf
Vasco_de_Gama_and_the_Trade_Route_to_the_Spice_Islands.asf
The_First_Voyage_of_Christopher_Columbus.asf
The_Later_Journeys_of_Christopher_Columbus_and_John_Cabot.asf
John_Cabot_s_Search_for_a_Northwest_Passage_to_Asia__1497_1498_.asf
Exploring_the_World__Ferdinand_Magellan_and_the_First_Voyage_Around_the_World.asf
Spain_s_Efforts_to_Expand__The_Conquistadors_and_the_New_World.asf
Ponce_de_Leon.asf
The_Expeditions_of_Hernando_de_Soto_.asf