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Putting American History into World History Changing ideas about the national narrative Traditional form of narrative Nation‐state as homogeneous, bounded, territorial entity Professional History and the Nation‐State Why is the nation as the unit of historical study 1 Revival of “American Exceptionalism” Two Exceptionalisms Aspirational (Lincoln) Tutelatory (Wilson) Exceptionalism and “Consensus History” Recent Changes in Teaching and Research Transnational and Global Approaches Are Traditional 2 Frederick Jackson Turner Lecture to Wisconsin Teachers, 1891: “The Significance of History” Henry Adams and W.E.B. Dubois 1890s: Globalization and Immigration 1990s: Globalization and Multiculturalism The United States has always been embedded in global history l b l hi t Global History and American History begin at the same time and with the same event 3 The World before Columbus and Magellan Abrahamic Religions and the Afro‐Eurasian World Greek knowledge and the Age of Discovery The Age of Discovery: The Real Discovery The Ocean not a Barrier but rather a Connector Global History Begins America Re‐connects with Afro‐Eurasia Afro‐Eurasian World Well Travelled and Well Known Vasco DaGama in India Asia and Europe—Why didn’t Asians Travel to Europe The Problem of Ignoring Geography The Problem of Ignoring Geography History works across space and well as over time Linear, Whiggish narratives ignore geography 4 The Dutch Empire and the establishment of New Amsterdam Over‐emphasis on the European Atlantic Five times more Africans than Europeans made the Atlantic transit before 1820 The Sustenance of Europeans in the Western Hemisphere depended upon Global connections for Labor and Trade China and the Wealth of the Americas Foundation of Manila by the Spanish in 1571 Global Connections reveal that historical change and historical explanations operate across space as well as through time space as well as through time 5 American Revolution American Civil War Both in part Global Events James Madison’s explanation for American Independence The Competition of Empires “The Great War” 1689‐1815 Global causes of the American Revolution “Military‐fiscal crisis” of European empires Why does an Absolutist King come to the aid of Republicans who espouse Principles of Society and Government anathema to him? American War a cause of the French Revolution? American War a cause of the French Revolution? French War Aims Why did Lafayette join the American cause? 6 Tea Act of 1773: a Global Policy Issue: Debt and Bank Liquidity Crisis Tea Act reduced Taxes What was the problem? Transnational aspects of the making of the new R Republic bli Partisanship and Political Parties Jay Treaty, French Revolution, Haitian Revolution Adams and Jefferson Policy toward Haiti Adams and Jefferson: Policy toward Haiti Haiti and Jefferson’s greatest achievement Why the era of “Good Feelings”? 7 The global aspects of the American Civil War Nineteenth‐century Liberalism 1848: Freedom and Nationalism 1848: Mexican War and Wilmot Proviso 1848: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Abraham Lincoln 1848: Lincoln and Louis Kossuth “A House Divided Cannot Stand” Space of Culture and Space of Government From Confederation to Nation‐State Lincoln’s Language State‐making and Emancipation US: 4 million Enslaved People freed European Nations and Empires: 40 million Serfs and other Unfree People Emancipated 8 Global “Federative Crisis” World of Empires to World of Nations New Nations Centralization Germany, Italy, Japan, Argentina, France, Siam Empires become more like Nation‐States Ottoman and Russian Meaning of the Civil War in Europe Why professional historians focused on nation as unit of history—national subjects or citizens it f hi t ti l bj t iti Johns Hopkins and Columbia Historians and the work of forgetting for the sake of the nation Does history have a role in the making of a Does history have a role in the making of a cosmopolitan citizenry? 9 A Nation Among Nations: “encourage and sustain a cosmopolitan citizenry, at once proud nationals and humble citizens of the world” 10