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7.3 Athenian Government thensbecame "[b#m*ffi,Sd round500B.C.E.But unlike Athens roderndemocracies, ffi' fua'deffiffi were considAtheniancitizens'ffir ..-.,:red A grouP :alled the Eachyeat the names ffi Proposedlawshad to be aoprovedbY a much larger =---;lk=+'cD€qF According lt-h* The Assemblymet on a hill everyten-{-1Ys. The Granger Collection' New York d i"' anAthenian Desmosthenes, to theAssemblY' sPeaks leader, armed with ropes If fewer peopleattendeda meeting' slaves round uP more citizens' dipped in red paint would be sent out to to appearin redAthenian men weresaidto be embarrassed stainedclothesat thesemeetings' mffi; atAssembly ln""nhadtherishllo speak than others'Some meetings.Somespeakersweremore 9killed was sometimesused spoke1orrg",than others'A water clock a cuP fllled with water ,o rirn. a speaker-It worked by placing small hole drilled into the aboveanother cup. The top cup had a talk only during the time it bottom. A speakerwas-permittedto drain into the bottom cup' took for all the water ii the top cup to part in the citys demoMost Athenian men enjoyedtaking debatethe issues' cratic government.Thty liked to gather-and Athenian citizens' Th"y i.r. proud of their freedomas Counci! of 50CI in Athens,a group of 500 citizenschosen io form a council resPonsible for running the daY-to-daY businessof government 2A5 Life in Two City-States:Athens and Sparta 27.7 SpartanGovernment Spartawas different from Athens in almost every way,beginning with its government.While Athens was a democracy,ll In an oligarchy,the ruling poweris in the handsof G Council of Elders a small group of Spartanswho made all the important governing decisions a few people. Sparta'sgovernment-as well as Spartansociety-&s*d# Founded in the 800sB.C.E.,Sparta et*d.fMM@. wasthe leading military power in the Mediterranean areauntil about370B.C.E. !, fh.,*" ti"gs inheritedtheir positionand shared Theagorain Spartawasa place wherepeople couldgather. The menof Spartamenoftendebated government issues there. To be electedto the Council of Elders,men had to be at leastl Somescholarsbelievethat members of the Assemblyvotedfor candidatesby shouting. Thosemen who receivedthe loudest support were elected.Once elected,f the Assemblywaslarge,it met in a spaciousoutdoor areaawayfrom the centerof the.ity. fh.il Unlike the AsE"r. semblyin Athens,it did not debate issues.Membersof the Assemblv Life in Two City-States:Athens and Sparta 289 27.4 AthenianEconomY An in any community is itseconomY' life of part important An organlzes a community or region which in way the is economy and of money' food' products' exchange and manufacture the needs' servicesto meetPeoPle's enough Athens did not provide .Becausetht l"J;;;d was based tt pt"pft' Athens'seconomy food for all of the ttt and ithad a good harbon **t th" on tradd- Athens # "'' and with to trade with other city-states Athenians enabled This resources obtain the goodsand natural severalforeign f""i' to wood from Ita$ and graip gheyneeded.Athenians acquired olive oill Athenians tradedhoney' exchange' EgyPf.In from silver and beautifully painted Pottelr marketplace 'Athenians U""gt" u"d 'oldioods at ahuge their goods There' merchantssold &gorar(A-guh-ruh)' the called bought lettuce' onions' from small stands'aJthenians oliveoil,""d"'il;;;;''it'opp"l*"[ff :tTtr:;,';1r"i1"r., and claYoil lamPs' Most PeoPle clothesat in Athens madetheir and home,but leathersandals at jewelrYwerePoPuiaritems also ihe market. The agorawas the placewherethe"Athenians4 bought and sold slavec' Like most other citY-states' coins Athens develoPedits own to make trade easier' Gold' silver,and bronze were some of the metaisused to make the coins.Athenians decorated One flat sidesof their coins' of the suchcoinhad an image side goddessAthena' The other of ,ft. coin Pictured Athena's favorite bird, the owl' for foodand shoPPed Athenians The goodsinthe agora' f,ousefrotO at rightonthisvaseis shoPPer a Pieceof PotterY' insPecting 286 ChaPtetZT 27.5 SPartanEconomY on trade' Sparta'seconom)t while Athens'seconomydepended of other people:Although relidon farming and on cjnqotsts not enoughland to providf Spartahad fertile.soil, there was Spartanstook the lands they food for everyonc.When necessary' were then forced to work for neededfrom their neighbors*who expectedto servein the army Spartd.BecauseSpartan men were rely on slavesand noncitizens until the ageof 60, Spartahad to to produce the goodsit lacked' called helots' llhe helots Conqueredvillagers becameslaves' but they had to give were allowed to livein their own villages' much of the food theY grew to SParta; grouP of peoPleThe Spartansalso made use of a second rroncitizenswhowerefree.NoncitizensmightwFrinthearmy part in Sparta'sgovern:when neededlbut they could notdce such necessaryiterqs metit. They were responsiblefor making iron tools like knives and* as shoes,red cloakslor the soldiers' sometrade with other spears,and pottery' They also conducted not provide for itself' city-statesfo, good' thai Spartacould trade' The Spartans In general,though' Spartadiscouraged would lead to new ideas {eared that contact with other city-states Trading with Spartawas that might weakenthe government' Rather than becauseof its systemof money' "1r""dy-difficult bars asmone)t According use coins, Spartansusedhearryiron decidedto usethis form to legend,an ancient Spartanleader iron bar had little value' A of money to discouragestealing' An the to steala wagonloadof bars to make thief would h"v" ""tied other city-stateswere not theft worthwhile' As you might guess' for goods' anxious to receiveiron as payment usedironrodslikethose Spartans Thisdiscouragedr aboveas moneY. economy SParta's trad€.lnstead, asshownbY onfarming, depended thefiguresonthe cuPfromancient at right. Greece, 29A ChaPterZ7 }S rh ES i ods rple sat rd :tt lso NS eS' rins the he ride I rd .. T he t "d3.5Educationin Atlrems Atheniandemocracydependedon havingwell-prepared citizens, Peoplein Athensrbelievedthat producing good citizenswas ttre main purpoie of educatisn Sinceonly boys could grow up to be citizens,boys and girls'wereeducatedquite different$ Athenians believedthat a good citizen'Shouldhaveboth ary intelligent mind and a healthy boff. Therefore,bos-klearnin6 , and,physicaitraiging WSr.g tartghtlat.hnrlre -iihBortant.B.o-f:S.Iv'.ere by their mothers or male slavesuntil the ageof 6 orV. Then, boys',tent to schooluntil about the ageof 14.Teacherstaught reading,writing, arithmetic,and literaturp.Because bookswere rare and very expensive,studentshad to readsubjectsout loud and memorize everything. 'i)Vritingtable{shelpedboyslearn. To buil,:lboys' strength,coachestaught sportssuchaswrestling and ' gymnastics.Boysilso studied musicl They learnedto sing aqd to play the lyre, a stringediristrumentlike a harp. Ar l& Athenian men begant'treir military-tmirring. After '. their army service,wealthyyoung men might study with private teachers.Theseteacherschargedhigh feesfor lessonsin debating and public speakingthat would help young men becomefuture political leaders. 1:: : In addition to reading andwriting, Athenian boysstudiedpoetryand Thestringed music. instrument nearthetopofthisancient Greek u p a l n t l n gl S a l y r e . :t: 1:' . t{+t i. ' :: ' F .i Unlike bnys,mostgirls di*-,notlearnto,reador wf,i&.Instead, . girls grewup helpingtheir mothers'withhouseholdtaslg.Thep weretaughtto cook,cleanrspiirthread,andweavecloth.Some alsoJearned ancientsecretbirilgs.and danceoperforrnedfor relf:* ' '--'*"*-'*-" gious festivals.Girls usuaily mrrrried around the ageof 15.'Those from 'vealthyfamiliesmarried men chosenby their fathers,Giris froin poor familiesoften had nrorechoice. .. -, 1: ; .ti.."l , ).? .i ",{ 1,,. ^ .,_r,r,, , ^ ,f.i Life in TwoCity-States: Atirens-and Sp.qts " th i,: ryj-1r 1* TV.g Education in $parta In Sparta,the purposeof educatioRwasto producecapablemen and wornen who could fight to protect the city-state.Spartans werelikely to abandon sickly infants who might not grow up to be strongsoidiers. Spartanshighly valueddisciplineand strengtlr*Fromthe ag* of.7,al}'spartan children'trhined;for.battte..Evengir'ls,were givensomemilitary training. Theylearnedwrestling,boxing, fbotracing,and gymnastics.Spartanboyslived and trained in buildings calledbarracks.Boyslearnedto readand write, but. thoseskills werenot consideredas essentialasmilitary skills. The most important Spartangoalwasto be a bravesoldjgr. Spartanboys were taught to suffer any amount of physicalpain in Boysin Spartaofteneiercised outdoorareas' r'li'', r''1 ' ' t., : ,.* , ,. . ., ,. ,u.. '" " tt* ,a t '4.. . ii',,,.'.+:,;".,'-.';+ .'t 'lf without complaining.Theyrnarchedwithout shogs.Theywere ns1lvell ied; in fact, they wereencouragedto stealfood, aslong asthey did not get caught.One Spaitanlegendtells of a:boywho ,"'' ,' wasso hungry,he stolea fox to eat.lJut seeinghis teachercoming,the boy quicklyhid the fox underhis cloak.Theboy choseto r;rtherrrr"nu. ;;** t.itt. foxbitehim in thestomach ,i.uring by his teacher. a difficulttest u*. ^fitness, ^Arabout l.l" ::.?o,to*.':"n.*:.".*.::.gi":: rnilitary ability, and lg$giship skills. If they passed, , "I , .',,,3i,r.uo,;;.. ,ud "fut':{i;.i. - + "'] "..;.::; . r-_ I :-"'*.* "-T!' -t'i .^;r,;i" ' tt of ,,i:1 ir;, ", Ewn then, -'-") they --'-t full,citizens. becarne Spartan -r-soldiersst'rd thev ill,lj#.t ,,* "^-/ ":-"--n-:*;-r':--^*'--'-..i-.:.'-..,r*..-.*ffi..,.;!$ r *'rr';""'s;r'-:ir ,'-'cohtiiduedto:live'insoldierstbfrratlltsj #ieretheyate'deptland ,. "';'". trained with their classmates.A mart could not live at home with his wife and family until he was 301earsold. At the ageof 60, Spartanrnencouldretirefrom the army. . , lt ., r :i' 27.U . Sparta : with its lt' on otig afewP SPa :, I ', ,[ cated t mucll couid not ip'r'heritor own : Wernen Atherrian women *-i,- -^:.r:,-;x;r*"egfdt&.dth64ssembly' Most' ty.rnev"YTlffi,; ,pcoper t;' ;., . ;,:':t,,:,:;,' :it,"; ::1:: : .wasth n*u""ao I :., ' the :i, in the goods 1n iotagooar ffif;",;O l ;;;;'f:::,:XftffililliTll,ifuX* nr**,,.,y *u,r.t en'hadthoi n0$tCthetiarr'wo1!"1 i t#;i racsL'w ."-.-' rnqst^At'{$tun-:wetHrtr' "*:. ffi*** ".,*,o*r-.-.- - --r .t -.'nr$1 : rrnou and raisinsltbeii.i,:.i*', "' I wca,lfit$&-:: tn*'sup*rvising .:. CGtlt'l{ the slaves' '' ''.; Shetdu$ She'never''wedtl'outalone' .':'': educate::::: ' a4d rgadyfor'sr'hool She theywere15andreacty daughte'+ur'rtil ,Some to be.rncrrietlir' - bers, 'aand ,i:.:: many slavestn $lavels Therewere Athenianswno ancientAthqns' Most ' at leastone slave' weienhPool owneo #ere bclrn into slbverl'' who 'were serv( ',7 'real into siaveryas Ot&ers1'v€fe''fbreed rlaws anc a wide varietYor that in Aihen'' including tasks iobs r skill' Someran requireda greatoeaI of , :l ch11-"" fr*uo*nAa*nd taughtAthenian weretrainecl' aJiln oo*uer of slaves on farrns as.attisans"Others wsr{<ed" Someslavesworked'for or in,fec&or'ies' thecttYas clerts' the silq'rer' Sorne'slavesworked in a ten hor"trs mines.Theymight work 300 teet day,in cramPedtunnels had little ait' b.io* the surface'They harshlY to breatheand were often to rest' punished if theY stoPPed 289 ChaPter2T I ;. lawr ,: cotl ,:tiil' l:':. r,l ma( the spa ,the ,hat sel.l ; lSSl c()1 i:.S11 f;P'.,.t* '.{ *E{j .+. q.*, 'r*'+ e a1'.-' 1 . . :," ':: t ,.' :tr, : _: ,:lt,;i . :itn , . ,t."il " r{:-:" 1. j.+ 'r ::'- ' '".--.t-l:f, r,t TL Spartanwomenlivedthe-salnesimplelifeasSpartanffi€lr.,tfl€} not n'ear' wore plain clothing with iittle decoration.They did when readv1o"fght lewelrroruseEosmeticsorperfumg.LikeSpartanmen)$romen tob-esirong.gnd w.ar"e.e1ne,eted |:.]!!ry-i"d -'puudud..Awlfewasexpecterl.tolgok.anerherhusband,sprrlperty and' invadersauLi againstrnvaosrs to guardit agalnsr to'guarc'lt also'haei rllr.rtiuresof wa4tShe also'hael I , "1;u*o&tu'bysla. '6.m..*,.tangenenhadmanyri$htsthat'otherGreekyornen,did: rffi;:il; .";;n -* nds'friends' 4.. *'iii;nti withtheirhusba cculd *ooi{ o*n and conrrol the.irown property. xhey "*"*u*'y,"galrl.shouid'theirfirsthusbandbeawayat'warfor too long a time. in Sparta' cer.quered.Therewerenilny diore'helotsthan citizens helots The,spartanstreatedthe helotsharshly,fearfulthat the would revolt.the Sometimes,the Spartangpverrlglentdeclaredwar on legalii' helots so that anlr,slavesit'thought might rebel could be helo'isto killecl:In fact,the Spartangovernmentonceaskedthe choosetheir bestfighters'The Spartans saiclthat theseslaveswould be s'.i fiec as thanks for fighting for Sparta"fire heiots :1, . chosetwo thousandmen. Immediatel;', the Spartanskilled every one of them to eliminate the possibitity of any f'utur': helot leaders Despitethis harshtreatment,helots did havesomerights' Th.y could rnarry whorneverand wheneverthey wanted' They copld passtheir nameson to their children; They could sell any leftover cropsafter giving their owner his share' Helots who savedenoughmoney could evenbuv.their freedom. womi;nwere men,Spartan LikeSpartan arr;jieady healthy, to bestrong, expected to fight.At leftis a statueof a Spartan womanathlete. 232 Chapter2T