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7.3 Athenian
Government
thensbecame
"[b#m*ffi,Sd
round500B.C.E.But unlike
Athens
roderndemocracies,
ffi'
fua'deffiffi
were considAtheniancitizens'ffir
..-.,:red
A grouP
:alled the
Eachyeat the names
ffi
Proposedlawshad to be
aoprovedbY a much larger
=---;lk=+'cD€qF
According lt-h*
The Assemblymet on a hill everyten-{-1Ys.
The Granger Collection' New York
d
i"'
anAthenian
Desmosthenes,
to theAssemblY'
sPeaks
leader,
armed with ropes
If fewer peopleattendeda meeting' slaves
round uP more citizens'
dipped in red paint would be sent out to
to appearin redAthenian men weresaidto be embarrassed
stainedclothesat thesemeetings'
mffi;
atAssembly
ln""nhadtherishllo speak
than others'Some
meetings.Somespeakersweremore 9killed
was sometimesused
spoke1orrg",than others'A water clock
a cuP fllled with water
,o rirn. a speaker-It worked by placing
small hole drilled into the
aboveanother cup. The top cup had a
talk only during the time it
bottom. A speakerwas-permittedto
drain into the bottom cup'
took for all the water ii the top cup to
part in the citys demoMost Athenian men enjoyedtaking
debatethe issues'
cratic government.Thty liked to gather-and
Athenian citizens'
Th"y i.r. proud of their freedomas
Counci! of 50CI in Athens,a
group of 500 citizenschosen
io form a council resPonsible
for running the daY-to-daY
businessof government
2A5
Life in Two City-States:Athens and Sparta
27.7 SpartanGovernment
Spartawas different from Athens in almost every way,beginning
with its government.While Athens was a democracy,ll
In an oligarchy,the ruling poweris in the handsof
G
Council of Elders a small
group of Spartanswho made
all the important governing
decisions
a few people.
Sparta'sgovernment-as well as Spartansociety-&s*d#
Founded in the 800sB.C.E.,Sparta
et*d.fMM@.
wasthe leading military power in the Mediterranean areauntil
about370B.C.E.
!,
fh.,*"
ti"gs inheritedtheir positionand shared
Theagorain Spartawasa place
wherepeople
couldgather.
The
menof Spartamenoftendebated
government
issues
there.
To be electedto the Council of
Elders,men had to be at leastl
Somescholarsbelievethat members of the Assemblyvotedfor
candidatesby shouting. Thosemen
who receivedthe loudest support
were elected.Once elected,f
the Assemblywaslarge,it met in a
spaciousoutdoor areaawayfrom
the centerof the.ity. fh.il
Unlike the AsE"r.
semblyin Athens,it did not debate
issues.Membersof the Assemblv
Life in Two City-States:Athens and Sparta 289
27.4 AthenianEconomY
An
in any community is itseconomY'
life
of
part
important
An
organlzes
a community or region
which
in
way
the
is
economy
and
of money' food' products'
exchange
and
manufacture
the
needs'
servicesto meetPeoPle's
enough
Athens did not provide
.Becausetht l"J;;;d
was based
tt pt"pft' Athens'seconomy
food for all of the ttt
and ithad a good harbon
**t th"
on tradd- Athens #
"''
and with
to trade with other city-states
Athenians
enabled
This
resources
obtain the goodsand natural
severalforeign f""i' to
wood from Ita$ and graip
gheyneeded.Athenians acquired
olive oill
Athenians tradedhoney'
exchange'
EgyPf.In
from
silver and beautifully painted Pottelr
marketplace
'Athenians U""gt" u"d 'oldioods at ahuge
their goods
There' merchantssold
&gorar(A-guh-ruh)'
the
called
bought lettuce' onions'
from small stands'aJthenians
oliveoil,""d"'il;;;;''it'opp"l*"[ff
:tTtr:;,';1r"i1"r.,
and claYoil lamPs' Most PeoPle
clothesat
in Athens madetheir
and
home,but leathersandals
at
jewelrYwerePoPuiaritems
also
ihe market. The agorawas
the placewherethe"Athenians4
bought and sold slavec'
Like most other citY-states'
coins
Athens develoPedits own
to make trade easier' Gold'
silver,and bronze were some
of the metaisused to make
the
coins.Athenians decorated
One
flat sidesof their coins'
of the
suchcoinhad an image
side
goddessAthena' The other
of ,ft. coin Pictured Athena's
favorite bird, the owl'
for foodand
shoPPed
Athenians
The
goodsinthe agora'
f,ousefrotO
at rightonthisvaseis
shoPPer
a Pieceof PotterY'
insPecting
286
ChaPtetZT
27.5 SPartanEconomY
on trade' Sparta'seconom)t
while Athens'seconomydepended
of other people:Although
relidon farming and on cjnqotsts
not enoughland to providf
Spartahad fertile.soil, there was
Spartanstook the lands they
food for everyonc.When necessary'
were then forced to work for
neededfrom their neighbors*who
expectedto servein the army
Spartd.BecauseSpartan men were
rely on slavesand noncitizens
until the ageof 60, Spartahad to
to produce the goodsit lacked'
called helots' llhe helots
Conqueredvillagers becameslaves'
but they had to give
were allowed to livein their own villages'
much of the food theY grew to SParta;
grouP of peoPleThe Spartansalso made use of a second
rroncitizenswhowerefree.NoncitizensmightwFrinthearmy
part in Sparta'sgovern:when neededlbut they could notdce
such necessaryiterqs
metit. They were responsiblefor making
iron tools like knives and*
as shoes,red cloakslor the soldiers'
sometrade with other
spears,and pottery' They also conducted
not provide for itself'
city-statesfo, good' thai Spartacould
trade' The Spartans
In general,though' Spartadiscouraged
would lead to new ideas
{eared that contact with other city-states
Trading with Spartawas
that might weakenthe government'
Rather than
becauseof its systemof money'
"1r""dy-difficult
bars asmone)t According
use coins, Spartansusedhearryiron
decidedto usethis form
to legend,an ancient Spartanleader
iron bar had little value' A
of money to discouragestealing' An
the
to steala wagonloadof bars to make
thief would h"v"
""tied
other city-stateswere not
theft worthwhile' As you might guess'
for goods'
anxious to receiveiron as payment
usedironrodslikethose
Spartans
Thisdiscouragedr
aboveas moneY.
economy
SParta's
trad€.lnstead,
asshownbY
onfarming,
depended
thefiguresonthe cuPfromancient
at right.
Greece,
29A
ChaPterZ7
}S
rh
ES
i
ods
rple
sat
rd
:tt
lso
NS
eS'
rins
the
he
ride
I
rd ..
T he
t
"d3.5Educationin Atlrems
Atheniandemocracydependedon havingwell-prepared
citizens,
Peoplein Athensrbelievedthat producing good citizenswas ttre
main purpoie of educatisn Sinceonly boys could grow up to be
citizens,boys and girls'wereeducatedquite different$
Athenians believedthat a good citizen'Shouldhaveboth ary
intelligent mind and a healthy boff. Therefore,bos-klearnin6
, and,physicaitraiging WSr.g
tartghtlat.hnrlre
-iihBortant.B.o-f:S.Iv'.ere
by their mothers or male slavesuntil the ageof 6 orV. Then,
boys',tent to schooluntil about the ageof 14.Teacherstaught
reading,writing, arithmetic,and literaturp.Because
bookswere
rare and very expensive,studentshad to readsubjectsout loud
and memorize everything. 'i)Vritingtable{shelpedboyslearn. To
buil,:lboys' strength,coachestaught sportssuchaswrestling and
' gymnastics.Boysilso studied musicl They learnedto sing aqd to
play the lyre, a stringediristrumentlike a harp.
Ar l& Athenian men begant'treir military-tmirring. After '.
their army service,wealthyyoung men might study with private
teachers.Theseteacherschargedhigh feesfor lessonsin debating
and public speakingthat would help young men becomefuture
political leaders.
1::
:
In addition
to reading
andwriting,
Athenian
boysstudiedpoetryand
Thestringed
music.
instrument
nearthetopofthisancient
Greek
u
p a l n t l n gl S a l y r e .
:t:
1:'
. t{+t
i.
' ::
' F
.i
Unlike bnys,mostgirls di*-,notlearnto,reador wf,i&.Instead, .
girls grewup helpingtheir mothers'withhouseholdtaslg.Thep
weretaughtto cook,cleanrspiirthread,andweavecloth.Some
alsoJearned
ancientsecretbirilgs.and
danceoperforrnedfor relf:* ' '--'*"*-'*-"
gious festivals.Girls usuaily mrrrried around the ageof 15.'Those
from 'vealthyfamiliesmarried men chosenby their fathers,Giris
froin poor familiesoften had nrorechoice.
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1:
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,
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Life in TwoCity-States:
Atirens-and
Sp.qts
"
th
i,: ryj-1r
1*
TV.g Education
in $parta
In Sparta,the purposeof educatioRwasto producecapablemen
and wornen who could fight to protect the city-state.Spartans
werelikely to abandon sickly infants who might not grow up to
be strongsoidiers.
Spartanshighly valueddisciplineand strengtlr*Fromthe
ag* of.7,al}'spartan children'trhined;for.battte..Evengir'ls,were
givensomemilitary training. Theylearnedwrestling,boxing,
fbotracing,and gymnastics.Spartanboyslived and trained in
buildings calledbarracks.Boyslearnedto readand write, but.
thoseskills werenot consideredas essentialasmilitary skills.
The most important Spartangoalwasto be a bravesoldjgr.
Spartanboys were taught to suffer any amount of physicalpain
in
Boysin Spartaofteneiercised
outdoorareas'
r'li'',
r''1
'
' t.,
:
,.* , ,. . .,
,. ,u..
'" "
tt*
,a
t
'4.. . ii',,,.'.+:,;".,'-.';+
.'t 'lf
without complaining.Theyrnarchedwithout shogs.Theywere
ns1lvell ied; in fact, they wereencouragedto stealfood, aslong
asthey did not get caught.One Spaitanlegendtells of a:boywho ,"'' ,'
wasso hungry,he stolea fox to eat.lJut seeinghis teachercoming,the boy quicklyhid the fox underhis cloak.Theboy choseto
r;rtherrrr"nu. ;;**
t.itt. foxbitehim in thestomach
,i.uring
by his teacher.
a difficulttest
u*.
^fitness,
^Arabout
l.l"
::.?o,to*.':"n.*:.".*.::.gi"::
rnilitary ability, and lg$giship skills. If they passed,
,
"I
,
.',,,3i,r.uo,;;..
,ud
"fut':{i;.i.
- +
"']
"..;.::;
.
r-_ I
:-"'*.*
"-T!'
-t'i
.^;r,;i"
' tt
of
,,i:1
ir;, ",
Ewn
then,
-'-")
they
--'-t
full,citizens.
becarne
Spartan
-r-soldiersst'rd
thev
ill,lj#.t
,,*
"^-/ ":-"--n-:*;-r':--^*'--'-..i-.:.'-..,r*..-.*ffi..,.;!$
r
*'rr';""'s;r'-:ir
,'-'cohtiiduedto:live'insoldierstbfrratlltsj #ieretheyate'deptland
,.
"';'".
trained with their classmates.A mart could not live at home with
his wife and family until he was 301earsold. At the ageof 60,
Spartanrnencouldretirefrom the army.
. , lt
., r
:i'
27.U
. Sparta
: with its
lt' on otig
afewP
SPa
:, I
',
,[ cated t
mucll
couid not ip'r'heritor own
:
Wernen Atherrian women
*-i,- -^:.r:,-;x;r*"egfdt&.dth64ssembly' Most'
ty.rnev"YTlffi,;
,pcoper
t;'
;., . ;,:':t,,:,:;,'
:it,"; ::1::
:
.wasth
n*u""ao
I :.,
'
the :i,
in the
goods 1n
iotagooar
ffif;",;O
l
;;;;'f:::,:XftffililliTll,ifuX*
nr**,,.,y
*u,r.t
en'hadthoi
n0$tCthetiarr'wo1!"1
i
t#;i
racsL'w ."-.-' rnqst^At'{$tun-:wetHrtr' "*:.
ffi***
".,*,o*r-.-.-
- --r
.t
-.'nr$1
:
rrnou and raisinsltbeii.i,:.i*',
"'
I wca,lfit$&-:: tn*'sup*rvising
.:. CGtlt'l{
the slaves' '' ''.;
Shetdu$
She'never''wedtl'outalone'
.':'':
educate::::: '
a4d rgadyfor'sr'hool She
theywere15andreacty
daughte'+ur'rtil
,Some
to be.rncrrietlir'
-
bers,
'aand
,i:.::
many slavestn
$lavels Therewere
Athenianswno
ancientAthqns' Most
' at leastone slave'
weienhPool owneo
#ere bclrn into slbverl''
who
'were
serv(
',7
'real
into siaveryas
Ot&ers1'v€fe''fbreed
rlaws
anc
a wide varietYor
that
in Aihen'' including tasks
iobs
r
skill' Someran
requireda greatoeaI of
, :l
ch11-""
fr*uo*nAa*nd taughtAthenian
weretrainecl'
aJiln oo*uer of slaves
on farrns
as.attisans"Others wsr{<ed"
Someslavesworked'for
or in,fec&or'ies'
thecttYas clerts'
the silq'rer'
Sorne'slavesworked in
a
ten hor"trs
mines.Theymight work
300 teet
day,in cramPedtunnels
had little ait'
b.io* the surface'They
harshlY
to breatheand were often
to rest'
punished if theY stoPPed
289
ChaPter2T
I
;.
lawr
,: cotl
,:tiil'
l:':. r,l
ma(
the
spa
,the
,hat
sel.l
;
lSSl
c()1
i:.S11
f;P'.,.t*
'.{
*E{j
.+. q.*,
'r*'+ e a1'.-'
1 . . :,"
'::
t
,.'
:tr,
: _:
,:lt,;i
.
:itn
, .
,t."il
"
r{:-:"
1.
j.+
'r
::'-
'
'".--.t-l:f,
r,t
TL
Spartanwomenlivedthe-salnesimplelifeasSpartanffi€lr.,tfl€}
not n'ear'
wore plain clothing with iittle decoration.They did
when
readv1o"fght
lewelrroruseEosmeticsorperfumg.LikeSpartanmen)$romen
tob-esirong.gnd
w.ar"e.e1ne,eted
|:.]!!ry-i"d
-'puudud..Awlfewasexpecterl.tolgok.anerherhusband,sprrlperty
and'
invadersauLi
againstrnvaosrs
to guardit agalnsr
to'guarc'lt
also'haei
rllr.rtiuresof wa4tShe also'hael
I , "1;u*o&tu'bysla.
'6.m..*,.tangenenhadmanyri$htsthat'otherGreekyornen,did:
rffi;:il;
.";;n
-*
nds'friends'
4.. *'iii;nti withtheirhusba
cculd
*ooi{ o*n and conrrol the.irown property. xhey
"*"*u*'y,"galrl.shouid'theirfirsthusbandbeawayat'warfor
too long a time.
in Sparta'
cer.quered.Therewerenilny diore'helotsthan citizens
helots
The,spartanstreatedthe helotsharshly,fearfulthat the
would revolt.the
Sometimes,the Spartangpverrlglentdeclaredwar on
legalii'
helots so that anlr,slavesit'thought might rebel could be
helo'isto
killecl:In fact,the Spartangovernmentonceaskedthe
choosetheir bestfighters'The Spartans
saiclthat theseslaveswould be s'.i fiec as
thanks for fighting for Sparta"fire heiots
:1, .
chosetwo thousandmen. Immediatel;',
the Spartanskilled every one of them to
eliminate the possibitity of any f'utur':
helot leaders
Despitethis harshtreatment,helots
did havesomerights' Th.y could rnarry
whorneverand wheneverthey wanted'
They copld passtheir nameson to their
children; They could sell any leftover
cropsafter giving their owner his share'
Helots who savedenoughmoney could
evenbuv.their freedom.
womi;nwere
men,Spartan
LikeSpartan
arr;jieady
healthy,
to bestrong,
expected
to fight.At leftis a statueof a Spartan
womanathlete.
232
Chapter2T