Download ws04-world-war-i-presentation-updated-au2016

World War I and Post War World
Alice F. Short
Hilliard Davidson High School
Unit 4
WWI – Day 1 Outline
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Content Statements
Map before the Great War
MAIN Causes of WWI
Distracting War --  Socialism
Balkan Powder Keg
– Assassination
– Ultimatum
– WWI Begins
• ASSIGNMENT: Ultimatum to
Canada
World War I and Post War World
Topic: Achievements and Crises (1900-1945)
• The first half of the 20th century was one of rapid technological advances. It was a
period when the tensions between industrialized nations resulted in World War I
and set the stage for World War II. While World War II transformed the balance of
world power, it was the most destructive and costly war in terms of human
casualties and material resources expended.
Content Statements:
13. Advances in technology, communication and transportation improved lives, but
also had negative consequences.
14. The causes of World War I included militarism, imperialism, nationalism and
alliances.
15. The consequences of World War I and the worldwide depression set the stage for
the Russian Revolution, the rise of totalitarianism, aggressive Axis expansion and
the policy of appeasement which in turn led to World War II.
16. Oppression and discrimination resulted in the Armenian Genocide during World
War I and the Holocaust, the state-sponsored mass murder of Jews and other
groups, during World War II.
World War I and Post War World
Topic: Historical Thinking and Skills
• Students apply skills by utilizing a variety of resources to construct theses
and support or refute contentions made by others. Alternative
explanations of historical events are analyzed and questions of historical
inevitability are explored.
1. Historical events provide opportunities to examine alternative courses of
action. (Was WWI inevitable? What could have changed the causes of
WWI into something that would not result in war?)
2. The use of primary and secondary sources of information includes an
examination of the credibility of each source. (…)
3. Historians develop theses and use evidence to support or refute positions.
(students assigned thesis and they must defend it)
4. Historians analyze cause, effect, sequence, and correlation in historical
events, including multiple causation and long- and short-term causal
relations. (causes and effects of WWI analysis)
Europe, 1914
World War I
Begins
“Great War”
“The War to End All Wars”
Tensions between
Industrialized Nations
• tensions led to…
– World War I
– set the stage for World War II
(which would transform the
balance of world power)
• M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI
(“Great War,” “The War to End
All Wars”)
1.
2.
3.
4.
militarism
alliances
imperialism
nationalism
14. The causes of World War I included militarism, imperialism, nationalism and alliances.
1. Causes of WWI:
Militarism
• militarism – aggressively
building up a nation’s armed
forces in preparation of war
– glorification of war and
strength
– mobilization – the process of
assembling troops and supplies
and making them ready for
war
• complex – having many intricate
parts
– alliances  increased danger
– belligerents – warring nations
– conscription – imposing a
military draft
2. Causes of WWI:
Alliances
• alliances – a complex system
of alliances developed
among the nations of Europe
(meant to maintain the
balance of power)
– Intensified threat of militarism
– Triple Alliance: Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Italy
– Triple Entente: France, Russia,
Great Britain
– system of alliances –
considered a main cause of
World War I
• Why is the word World in bold
font?
3. Causes of WWI:
Imperialism
• imperialism – the
desire for the best
colonies around the
world  conflict
– competition for
(African) colonies 
increased rivalries
– Industrial Revolution
• Shipbuilding
• New weapons (iron,
steel, chemicals)
• Mass armies
(conscription)
4. Causes of WWI: Nationalism
• nationalism – various ethnic
groups tried to gain more
political unity
– nation-states
• self-interests and success
– several nationalities often
ruled by a single regime
• Example: Slavic minorities
wanted nation-state (in
Balkans, Austro-Hungarian
Empire)
• socialist labor movements 
war = distraction
– DISCUSSION: Why would this
be a problem?
Another Cause:
Socialist Labor Movements
• internal unrest  increased desire for a
“distracting war”
Balkan
Powder Keg
• state of unrest in the Balkans
• new nations formed after decline
of Ottoman Empire, including
Serbia
• Russia (supported Serbia) and
Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia,
which disappointed Serbia
Look at the Alliances. Look at Serbia. Look
at Austria-Hungary.
Serbia – country that AustriaHungary blamed for the
assassination of Francis
Ferdinand
How about a World War?
(1914)
• The Assassination: June 28, 1914:
Archduke Ferdinand assassinated
– “ignited” great war
– assassin: Gavrilo Princip, Serbian
nationalist / terrorist / extremist
“I am the son of peasants and
I know what is happening in
the villages. That is why I
wanted to take revenge, and I
regret nothing.”
-- Gavrilo Princip
DISUCSSION: Why all of the
different vocabulary?
• wanted Bosnia to be free of AustriaHungary
• wanted larger Serbian kingdom
• The Response: Austria-Hungary
– wanted to “render Serbia innocuous
once and for all by a display of force.”
– blamed Serbia for the assassination of
Archduke Ferdinand
– Germany  gives Austria-Hungary a
“blank check”
DISUCSSION: What do you
think it means to “render
innocuous”?
DISUCSSION: Why do you
think a “blank check” is? Why
do you think it matters to
WWI?
Austria-Hungary’s Ultimatum
to Serbia
• 1. Serbian government must suppress all groups that
were opposed to Austria-Hungary (A/H)
• 2. Serbia must dismiss school teachers and ban
books that didn’t support A/H
• 3. Serbia must dismiss government officials who
spoke out against A/H
• 4. A/H officials must be allowed to participate in the
trials of those accused of the assassination
– Serbia declined this provision and A-H declared war on
July 28th
DISUCSSION: Why do you think that the criminal process demand was the one that Serbians felt
they couldn’t accept? What made it worse than the other demands? Would you accept these
terms? Which ones? Why?
A SHORT Activity:
Ultimatum to Canada
Be prepared to present
to the class tomorrow.
Take this assignment
seriously.
DIRECTIONS: A Canadian nationalist named Justin Bieber assassinated the heir to the
presidential seat, Vice President Joe Biden. Americans are outraged by this appalling behavior
and violence on American soil. Create your own “ultimatum” that the United States will issue
to Canada with 4 points. Please keep it reasonable and not truly ridiculous—though your
demands can be severe. After you write your four points, be sure to highlight or circle the one
that you believe would be most offensive to the Canadian people. NOTE: This is a serious
assignment. Be realistic in your demands.
Before you begin, can you name the four demands made by Austria-Hungary to Serbia?
Checklist for Success:
• address your audience (Canadian government or people)
• use complete sentences and formal language to site your grievance (assassination)
• write 4 separate demands that parallel the demands made by Austria-Hungary to Serbia
• think about, then highlight or circle the most offensive demand
• write “Sincerely, Congress of the United States of America” at the bottom
• add your John Hancock (adult-people-slang for your signature) underneath
Questions You May Be Asked Tomorrow:
What were the 4 demands made by Austria-Hungary to Serbia? Which one was unacceptable?
Why? How are the demands made by America to Canada similar to those demands? Which one
is the most unacceptable? Why?
Ultimatum to Canada
QUESTIONS:
• What were the 4 demands
made by Austria-Hungary to
Serbia?
• Which one was found to be
unacceptable? Why?
• How are the demands made
by America (you) to Canada
similar to those demands
made by Austria-Hungary to
Serbia?
• Which demand that you
made? Why?
This to Remember:
• You are giving a speech. Make eye
contact. Project your voice.
• You are outraged! Someone has
murdered our beloved Joe Biden.
Use emotion in your voice.
• We are claiming to be reasonable.
We are making reasonable
demands. (It’s not just that we
want to “render” Canada
“innocuous” and take their maple
syrup.) We want to right a wrong.
• You are a member of Congress.
You are poised. You are educated.
You command respect.
• If you didn’t make it realistic—fake
it, fix and don’t let me know!
• Have fun!
World War I – Day 2 Outline
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Review Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum to Serbia
Present and discuss ultimatums to Canada
Cover beginning of WWI
Evaluate Schlieffen Plan
Analyze Belgium, neutrality and Britain
Watch World War I – 1915 and 1916 (Videos)
HOMEWORK: Finish watching videos
Ultimatum to Canada
QUESTIONS:
• What were the 4 demands
made by Austria-Hungary to
Serbia?
• Which one was found to be
unacceptable? Why?
• How are the demands made by
America (you) to Canada similar
to those demands made by
Austria-Hungary to Serbia?
• Which demand that you made?
Why?
• Do you really think that AustriaHungary wanted Serbia to
accept their demands? Why?
This to Remember:
• You are giving a speech. Make eye
contact. Project your voice.
• You are outraged! Someone has
murdered our beloved Joe Biden.
Use emotion in your voice.
• We are claiming to be reasonable.
We are making reasonable
demands. (It’s not just that we
want to “render” Canada
“innocuous” and take their maple
syrup.) We want to right a wrong.
• You are a member of Congress.
You are poised. You are educated.
You command respect.
• If you didn’t make it realistic—fake
it, fix and don’t let me know!
• Have fun!
World War I Begins (1914)
July 28,
1914: partial
mobilization
of Russian
army
It Begins…
In
Europe?
In the
U.S.A.?
isolation
America’s policy at
beginning of WWI
not a part of the initial
alliance system
Mobilization
in Europe
• Russia supports Serbia,
mobilization of Russian
army
• Germany declared war on
Russia
• Schlieffen Plan – German
2-front plan (France and
Russia had an Alliance)
(must go through Belgium)
• Germany declared war on
France
• Great Britain declared war
on Germany (Germany
violated Belgian neutrality)
• G.B. allied with France and
Russia (additional reason)
What is mobilization? Why is
mobilization considered to be so
significant?
A SHORT Time to Ponder
Why was Germany
going through
Belgium?
If you were
Belgium, would you
be O.K. with
Germany bringing
its army through
your country? Why
or why not?
What were the
significant
outcomes of
Germany going
through Belgium?
Videos
World War I – 1915, 1916
• www.wildcatworldstudies.wordpress.com
• HOMEWORK: Finish watching videos over
1915 and 1916 of World War I. Take notes
over these videos.
World War I – Day 3 Outline
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2 sides
escalation of WWI
technological advances
U.S. joins the war
HOMEWORK: Dear Santa Letter
Both sides felt the war would quickly end…
#wrong
Central Powers
(formerly Triple Alliance)
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German Empire
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
Advantages:
– Central location allowed better
communication and travel.
– Germany’s powerful army
Allied Powers
(formerly Triple Entente)
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Great Britain
France
Russia
Japan
Italy
Eventually, United States
Advantages
– More industrial, more soldiers,
Great Britain’s powerful navy
both sides thought would be over in a few weeks
defensive technology is better offensive technology
A World War
governments:
• took control of their economies
• rationed food and supplies
• called on civilians to work and make sacrifices
for the war effort
Gallipoli
disastrous Allied
campaign in
Balkans
-- Bulgaria joined Central
Powers (Germany, AustriaHungary, Ottoman Empire)
-- Allies (Russia, G.B., France)
declared war on Ottoman
Empire)
The Middle East
T.E. Lawrence of Arabia, 1917
– urged Arab princes to revolt against Ottoman
overlords
– England mobilized troops form India, Australia,
New Zealand, 1918  destroy Ottoman
Empire in the Middle East
German African
Colonies
• Allies seized
German colonies
around the world
German Pacific Colonies
• Japan seized German Pacific
islands
What is
happening with
Japan on these
maps?
#havethoughts
Escalation
Rapid Technological Advances
• Technology - first half of the 20th century
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machine guns
chemical warfare
trench warfare
civilian soldiers
Germans - U-boats and poison gas
airplanes — surveillance and dogfights
British tanks
• Globalization
– communication
– transportation
Machine Guns and Poison Gas
Machine Guns
• Fired rapidly,
without
interruption
• First ones were
heavy  Had
to have a team
of several men
to operate
them
• Caused huge
causalities
Chemical Warfare
• Germans
introduced
poison gas as a
weapon
Trench Warfare
• war of attrition
– each side trying to outlast the other
– technology moved faster than military tactics
• stalemate
Late 1915
Verdun, France
• 700,000 died in 10 months over a
few miles of land
• baffled generals
(past: movement and maneuver)
constant attacks
heavy losses
civilian soldiers
(not professional soldiers -- drafted)
Foreshadowing:
TOTAL WAR
Boys are being drafted and going
off to war. What do you think is
happening on the home-front?
trench
foot…
those
were
feet…
barbed wire
To the Skies!
surveillance
• before WWI, planes
were mainly used as
observation (hard to
maneuver)
• find targets
invention of the
“interrupter”  machine
guns no longer shoot plane
propellers
• dog fights
http://www.history.com/videos/grenade-becomesstandard-battle-equipment#interrupter-air-combatrevolution
Zeppelins
Used to bomb London and eastern England
(filled with hydrogen gas = raging infernos)
WWI “Aces”
excellent propaganda for both sides
Allied Powers
Eddie Rickenbacker
• Shot down 26 enemy planes
Central Powers
Manfred von Richthofen “The Red Baron”
• Shot down around 80 enemy planes
• Britain introduced the tank (1916)
The Tank
– could easily move over rough
ground, through barbed wire
– became more important in World
War II
Unrestricted
Submarine
Warfare
• German U-Boats
– Unterseebooten
• Goal – Prevent munitions and
food from entering British ports
– At first rose to surface, allowing
ship to surrender
– Eventually, remained hidden and
fired without warning
Lusitania
http://www.history.com/videos/u-boats-sink-the-lusitania-in-1915#u-boats-sink-the-lusitania-in-1915
Woodrow Wilson
naval blockades
unrestricted submarine warfare
Lusitania  cargo ship Nearly
1200 people were killed
including 128 Americans
suspended from September 1915-January
1917 (it’s back!)
Zimmerman Telegraph
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Most Americans agreed that the U.S. should remain
neutral
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shipping food, raw materials and supplies to both sides
contraband war materials supplied by a neutral
country to a belligerent one
Zimmerman Telegraph
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1917  Sent a secret telegram
to Mexico
– Germans resumed submarine
warfare
US enters war April, 1917
large numbers in 1918
•
psychological boost for Allies
April 6, 1917, the U.S. declares war
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1918 - troops fighting in large numbers
• warned Germans the United States would not tolerate another incident
• Germany cut back on its attacks
Causes of WWI Recap:
The U.S. Path to War
1. German U-boats target passenger ships,
including the Lusitania
Germany ends the Sussex Pledge
2. The Zimmerman Note (secret telegram from
Germany to Mexico) - intercepted by British
Intelligence
3. The fall of Czar Nicholas II in Russia
4. From March 16th to 18th, Germany sinks three
American ships
A SHORT Letter:
Dear Santa…
CONGRATULATIONS: You live in
muddy ditch in France with a lot of
other smelly (and possibly rotting)
dudes! All you want for Christmas
is some new technology of WWI.
Perhaps you want a tank? A
machine gun? Some poisonous
gas?
2nd Paragraph: Research aboveand-beyond what we went over inclass about a new technology. Who
invented it? When? Where? How
will it be useful to you in the war?
The CONTENT about the new
technology matters most.
OPTIONAL: Make it look like it was
actually written during the war.
Age the paper. Make it look worn.
Write in cursive.
OPTIONAL: Mention where Santa
can find the cookies and milk. You
can be creative – there aren’t any
fireplaces on the front lines
Write “Dear Santa,”
because you are writing the
letter to Ol’ Saint Nick
Date
Dear Santa,
I have been a good soldier. I fought in this
specific battle in this specific location.
This is what I did. Thus, I’ve been a good
boy. This is the paragraph where you show
your knowledge of a battle.
Therefore, you should give me a
___________. It is a _________. It was
invented… (why? whom? when?) It will be
useful in the war because… This is the
paragraph where you show that you did
some research on a new piece of technology
that was used in the Great War (WWI).
Include a date. The date
should be after the battle
that you reference and after
the item that you want has
been invented.
1st Paragraph: Research a
battle. When? Where? How
was it fought? Are you
British or French? The
CONTENT about the battle is
what matters most.
Remember this is where you
explain how you have been a
good-little-boy… meaning
you’ve been killing the
enemy in battle!
Thank you,
Thank Santa.
British or French-sounding first and last
name
You are either a British or
French soldier. Research and
use a British or French first
and last name.
P.S. Cookies and milk can be found
_____________.
WWI – Day 4 Outline
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In small groups: share Santa Letters
total war
propaganda
the Eastern Front
the Armenian Genocide
Impact of Total War
total war – a war that involved the complete
mobilization of resources and people, affecting
the lives of all citizens in the warring countries,
even those remote from the battlefield
• increased government powers
– drafted tens of millions
– temporarily put aside free-market capitalism
• established planned economies – an economic system
directed by government agencies
• set up price, wage and rent controls
• rationed food supplies and materials
• regulated imports and exports
• took over transportation systems and industries
Impact of Total War
total war
• manipulation of public opinion
– patriotic enthusiasm waned
Propaganda
• cherry-picking
• both true and false
• governments sent
up agencies to
control news about
the war
Propaganda
atrocities  brutal acts against
defenseless civilians
• British stories of German
atrocities angered Americans
• did not realize the stories were
exaggerated
Propaganda
propaganda – ideas spread to influence public opinion for OR against a
cause
• use of selected bits of information to help people back their country’s war
efforts
• stirred national hatred
• blindly supported own country (believed “just”)
7 Types of Propaganda
1. name calling
2. glittering generality
3. transfer  can be positive or negative (associations)
4. testimonials  can be positive or negative
–
5.
6.
7.
famous individuals endorse a product, candidate, or policy
plain folks  sometimes it pays to associate the product, candidate, or
policy with “just plain folks”
card stacking  present only positive information about what you
support, and only negative information about what you oppose
bandwagon  “everyone is doing it”
The Eastern Front
• marked by mobility
• Germans defeated Russians (no threat)
– Battle of Tannenberg, Aug. 30
– Battle of Masurian Lakes, Sept. 15
• Russians defeated Austria-Hungary in Galicia
– thrown out of Serbia
• Italians betrayed Triple Alliance: Germany and
Austria-Hungary
– attacked Austria, May, 1915
– joined Allied Powers (formerly called Triple
Entente)
• Allied Powers: France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy
• Germany aided Austria-Hungary
– pushed Russians back into Russia
• 2.5 million Russians killed, captured or wounded
• almost out of war
– Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria
• attacked and eliminated Serbia, September 1915
• allowed Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire (formerly Triple Alliance) to
focus on Western Front
The Eastern
Front
Oppression and Discrimination:
Armenian Genocide
Armenian Genocide
(during WWI)
watch video
(13 minutes, 6 seconds)
WWI – Day 5 Outline
• the Russian
Revolution
– Czar Nicholas II
– Conditions in
Russia
– Socialism
– Petrograd
– February
Revolution
– Provisional
Government
– October
Revolution
– Bolsheviks
– Lenin
– Soviet Union
Who’s Running the Show
in Russia?
• war dragged on  stirred with
unrest.
• Czar Nicholas II = incompetent
– 1894 – became Czar
– 1905 – Duma (national assembly)
– lacked self-awareness
– Grigory Rasputin (rumors)
– (overthrown during Communist
Revolution) = end of Romanov
dynasty of Russia
– Empress Alexandra (German)
To whom does this sound
familiar that we studied
earlier in the year? What
happened to this familiar
figure? What can you
predict about our dear Czar
Nicholas II?
Why Revolution in
Russia?
• Czar Nicholas II
– devastating defeats
– unpopular
• poor living conditions
– famine / food shortages
– soviets – Russian councils composed
of representatives from workers and
soldiers
• rise of socialism
• incredible loss of life (in WWI)
– wanted peace
– wanted food
Petrograd
February 1917
• internarial women’s day
• marched on Petrograd
• protested price of bread
• joined by others
Changed name of St. Petersburg
to Petrograd at beginning of WWI
(St. Petersburg sounded German)
February Revolution
• Provisional Government
– formed in Petrograd
– led first by Prince Georgy Lvov and then by Alexander
Kerensky ("persuader-in-chief“)
– the Russian Emperor Nicholas II abdicated
– unable to make decisive policy decisions due to political
factionalism and a breakdown of state structures.
– left the government open to strong challenges from both
the right and the left
• the Petrograd Soviet
– tentatively cooperated with the government at first
– gradually gained control of the army, factories, and railways
Lenin and the Bolsheviks
October Revolution
• Bolsheviks placed power in the hands of the
soviets, or "workers' councils," which had given
their support to the Bolsheviks
• Bolsheviks under V.I. Lenin overthrew the
government
• V.I. Lenin – followed Marxist ideas and established
a communist dictatorship in Russia
– leader of Bolsheviks
– violent & extreme (favored violent revolution)
– April 1917 – Germans sent him back to Russia 
create trouble
• revolution – an overthrow of government
• Bolsheviks – party that won the Russian Civil War;
The Red Army
Bolsheviks Seize Power
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•
•
•
October 1917: seized power
Bolsheviks  Communists
Lenin essentially in power
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – treaty signed by Lenin
w/ Germany
– (Russia surrendered to Germany because the
communists took over and promised peace)
– loss of territory: eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland,
Baltic Provinces
– ended war (the promised peace)
Civil War in Russia
• Red Army (Communists) vs. White Army
– Red Army  unified; one cause
• extreme discipline
– White Army  not unified; many causes
• Czar Nicholas II (abdicated – to formally give
up control of a country or state)
– living in isolation wife w/ 5 kids  all murdered
Triumph of the Communists
• war communism – in WWI Russia, government seized
control of banks and most industries, the seizing of
grain from peasants, and the centralization of state
administration under Communist control
• Red Terror
– aimed at destroying anyone disloyal
– Cheka – secret police
– political repression, censorship, torture, mass executions
• Communist Support
– foreign aid came to opponents of Communism 
increased nationalism and support for the communists…
no one likes a foreign army
– Communists  single party state
Animal Farm
• Novel by George Orwell
that is a metaphor for
the Russian Revolution
– and part of the Stalin era
Long-Lasting Impacts of the
Russian Revolution
• communism
• Lenin
• Soviet Union
WWI – Day 6 Outline
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November 11th 1918
The Paris Peace Conference
The Treaty of Versailles
Short-Term Consequences
Long-Term Consequences
World War I Ends - 1918
Governments, troops, and civilians were weary as
World War I continued through 1917. Shortly after
the United States entered the war, Germany made its
final military gamble and lost. The war finally ended
on November 11, 1918. New nations were formed,
and a League of Nations was created to resolve future
international disputes.
The Setting - 1918
• Russians out of war (Russian Revolution,
armistice with Germany with Treaty of BrestLitovsk)
• British blockade of Germany caused shortages
• America entered war – fresh troops
• Germany needs quick victory on Western
Front
• Woodrow Wilson outlines 14 points
The Last Year of the War - 1918
• collapse and armistice
• armistice – an agreement to stop fighting
– Allies WIN; Central Powers LOSE
– Armistice: 11/11/1918 at 11 a.m.
• revolutionary forces
Legacies of World War I
10 million soldiers = dead
(from all countries)
The Peace Settlements
Wilson’s Fourteen Points – outlined a plan for peace around the world
for after war (ideas for a more just world)
1. Reliance on open diplomacy rather than secret agreements
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2.
3.
4.
Freedom of the seas
Free trade
Reduce the military forces and/or weapons
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
NO SECRET TREATIES
REDUCTION IN NATIONAL ARMAMENTS
Readjust the colonies fairly
The allowance for Russia to self-determine its own government
Respect for Belgium's Integrity
Restoration of French Territory
Italy receives territory based upon ethnicity
Austria-Hungary receives fair development opportunities
Independence for the Balkan states
Self-determination for the peoples of the Ottoman Empire and
free passage through the Dardanelles
13. Independence for Poland
14. The formation of a League of Nations to guarantee independence
for all countries, large and small (League of Nations – an
organization to solve the world’s problems peacefully… not so
successful)
IMPORTANT NOTE:
Did not contain
punishments for
Germany or
reparations (which
were a part of the
punishments)
The Paris Peace Conferences
Notice who is
not present?
“Big Four” –
the main
Allied leaders
deciding on
the Treaty of
Versailles
Treaty of
Versailles
punished
Germany
led to WWII
b/c treaty
humiliated
Germans
The Treaty of Versailles
The War Guilt Clause, Article 231
of the Treaty of Versailles –
Blamed the entire war on
Germany (Hitler and WWII =
Consequence)
Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France,
Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI.
1) stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Air force
2) Germany had to repair war damages 33 billion
3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI
4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons
- major cause of WWII
Consequences of WWI
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•
•
•
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Increased Governmental Powers (Total War)
Land Devastated
Debt (cost more that $280 billion - significantly more than any previous war in history)
Spanish Influenza
New World View
– - people questioned the optimistic belief in reason, progress, and individual rights
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Worldwide Depression
Russian Revolution (Bolsheviks)
– Russian Civil War
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Future Revolutions
– fanned the flames of revolts against colonialism in the
Middle East in Southeast Asia
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U.S. as world’s leading economic power
Women’s Suffrage
Totalitarianism
Axis Expansion
Appeasement
Changing Maps
– End of Empires (overthrew established monarchies
and social orders in Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary)
– New Countries
The League of Nations
a world organization established
in 1920 to promote international
cooperation and peace
first proposed in 1918 by
President Woodrow Wilson,
although the United States never
joined the League
essentially powerless (therefore,
useless) -- officially
dissolved in 1946
Spanish Influenza
a sickness which spread all over during
the first world war killing more people
than the war itself
• was an unusually deadly influenza
pandemic, the first of the two
pandemics involving H1N1
influenza virus
• infected 500 million people across
the world
• resulted in the deaths of 50 to
100 million (three to five percent
of the world's population (one of
the deadliest natural disasters in
human history
• had already greatly limited life
expectancy in the early 20th
century
• a considerable spike occurred at
the time of the pandemic,
specifically the year 1918 (Life
expectancy dropped by about 12
years)
Spanish Influenza
The 1918 flu pandemic (January 1918 –
December 1920)
hit the Central Powers before they hit the Allied
Powers, and that both morbidity and mortality in
Germany and Austria were considerably higher
than in Britain and France (outcome of war?)
Ottoman Empire – No More
Europe – Before and After the Great War
THE END!
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1905 Jan Bloody Sunday - Tsarist troops open fire on a peaceful demonstration of workers in St Petersburg.1905 October General Strike sweeps
Russia which ends when the Tsar promises a constitution. (followed by a failed insurrection put down by the government)
1906 The promised parliament, the Duma, is dissolved when it produces an anti government majority even though elected on a narrow franchise.
1917 Feb After several days of demonstrations in Petrograd (formally St Petersburg) the government orders troops to open fire. The next day these
troops mutiny. The Tsar abdicates when he hears that Moscow too has joined the Revolution. An agreement is reached between the Petrograd
Soviet and the Provisional Government headed by Lvov.
1917 July The July Days. (3rd and 4th) Workers and soldiers in Petrograd demand the Soviet takes power. Sporadic fighting results and the Soviet
restores order with troops brought back from the front. Trotsky arrested. Lenin goes into hiding. A new provisional government is set up with
Kerensky at it's head (8th).
1917 Oct The Bolsheviks overthrow the Provisional government on the eve of the meeting of 2nd All-Russia Congress of Soviets.
1917 2 Nov Bolsheviks gain Moscow
1917 7th Nov Ukraine proclaimed independent by the Central Rada.
1917 Nov 12-14 Elections to the Constituent Assembly. Socialist Revolutionaries the largest party.
1917 Dec (early) Congress of Socialist Revolutionaries results in victory for the left under Chernov. Likewise Menshevik Congress gives victory to
Martov's Menshevik internationalists.
1918 Jan 5th The Constituent Assembly in which the Bolsheviks are a minority meets for one day before being suppressed. Earlier that day a
demonstration is fired on by Bolshevik units and several demonstrators are killed1918 Jan 28th Trotsky denounces the German Peace Terms as
unacceptable and walks out of the peace negotiations at Brest- Litovsk.
1918 Feb 18th The Germans invade Russia which is all but defenseless as virtually the entire army has deserted.
1918 March The Bolsheviks accept the dictated peace of Brest-Litovsk. The Left SRs denounce the peace and leave the government.
1918 April 12th Moscow headquarters of the anarchists surrounded and attacked by Bolshevik troops
1918 May (late) The Czechoslovak legion mutinies against the Bolshevik government. Using the railways they are able to sweep away Bolshevik
control from vast areas of Russia. The Socialist Revolutionaries support the rising.
1918 July Fifth Soviet Congress. The left SRs assassinate the German ambassador and are in turn crushed by the Bolsheviks.
1918 16 July Gorky�s Novaia Zhizn , the last opposition paper, banned.
1918 23rd Aug 3 ministers of the Siberian Government are arrested by supporter of Mikhailov, the finance Minister, when they arrive in Omsk. They
are told to resign their posts. Two agree. The third, Novoselov, refuses and is hacked to death.
1918 22nd Sept Siberian Oblast Duma dismisses Mikhailov and is itself dispersed by Mikhailov
1919 Jan Mensheviks legalised and allowed to publish Vsegda Vpered in Moscow. Era of relative freedom begins in Bolshevik controlled Russia
1919 25 Feb The Cheka closes down Vsegda Vpered. This marks a return to despotic rule by Bolsheviks.
1919 White Armies attack the Bolsheviks from all directions but the Red Army is finally victorious.
1920 25 Apr Poland invades Russia.
1920 19th Aug Start of peasant insurrection in Tambov
1920 14 Nov. Last White army under Wrangel evacuates the Crimea
1921 Peasant unrest sweeps Russia. These risings are suppressed but the New Economic Policy is proclaimed that gives the peasants the right to sell
their grain surpluses
1924 Lenin dies. Trotsky is defeated by a triumvirate of Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev.