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UNIT 5 Guided Notes INTRO TO MARINE LIFE PART I Land Vs. Water • Ocean is wetter than land – ____________________ in ocean water – Gametes can be ______________ more easily – ______________ for smaller things to move through water • Ocean is more vast than land – ______________to find mates and food • Ocean is more _______________than land – Body structure will be different than land animals • Living in aquatic environment will shape biology and adaptations of marine life Essential Characteristics of Living Things • Made of ______________________ • Getting _______________________ • Growth and development • Reproducing • __________________to environment • __________________ homeostasis Classification of Living Things • _________________ • Every organism has a two part name unique to itself • Genus species or Genus species – Prevents confusion if a species is known by many common names • There are several ways to classify animals at higher levels of organization Cellular Differences • Prokaryotes – Kingdom Moneran / bacteria group – ____________a nucleus and membrane bound organelles • Eukaryotes- All other kingdoms – ___________ a nucleus and membrane bound organelles Food Webs • Trophic level… ______________________________ • Producers…_________________ and create sugars from sun’s energy or chemical energy • Consumers…____________________ • Food webs are the ___________________many food chains in an ecosystem Marine Food Chain Apex predators…efficient hunters, opportunistic feeding habits (eat what is available) (_______________________) Higher level consumers…predators that feed on smaller fish in level below (________________________) Tertiary consumers…predators that feed on smaller fish in level below (_____________) Secondary consumers…filter feed out zoo and phytoplankton (____________) Zooplankton…tiny animal life that drift thru the water and graze on plankton (_________) Phytoplankton…single celled plant like orgs (diatoms) 10% Rule • Higher trophic level orgs…__________________________ than those at lower levels. • each trophic level transfers ________________of its energy • each level supports a smaller total biomass to compensate loss of food value. • 90% loss is used for ______________________________________… What Does 10% Rule Mean? • • • • • ___________lbs of phytoplankton feed ____________ lbs of copepods, ___________ lbs copepods feed __________ lbs of silversides _________lbs silversides feed _________lbs of mackerel _______-lbs of mackerel feed ______lbs of bluefin tuna 1 tuna nourishes only one pound of apex predator Other Food Web Roles • __________________… break down food and nutrients left over from predation or in dead orgs or waste • Omnivores…_____________________________________________ • Microbial loop…___________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Lifestyles of Marine Organisms • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ Plankton • Most biomass on Earth consists of plankton • Phytoplankton – ____________________ (diatoms, coccolithophores) • Zooplankton – ____________________ • __________________plankton – The most abundant photosynthetic organism on earth – Half of all the photosynthetic biomass in ocean • _________________plankton – Viruses (mostly attack plankton) Types of Plankton • Holoplankton – __________________ as plankton – Ex. copepod • Meroplankton – __________________ as plankton – Juvenile or larval stages – Ex. Blue crab Nekton • ______________________________ • Ex…fish, marine mammals Benthos • ___________________________________________________ • Most abundant in shallower water • Ex. Marine worms, crabs, lobsters Growth and Development • ____________________…cycle from birth to reproduction • Animals often look very different in early life history from their adult form • Many marine orgs undergo ____________________________________ ______________________________________ • ____________________________________________for higher trophic levels Reproduction • Animals in marine environment have many strategies for “success” • Egg production is “costly” and there are tradeoffs for each strategy for reproduction • R-strategy….______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ • K strategy… ______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ • Specific methods of producing offspring… • Fission, budding, eggs hatching externally, eggs hatching internally, live births, some marine animals are born in freshwater, some are born on land, etc… Physical Support • Phytoplankton example • Must life in the upper water column. _____________________________ • How to resist sinking?...take advantage of water’s viscosity. • _______________…more specifically, have a small volume but larger surface area…think about an ant with a parachute! • Sinking _________________________________ because warm water is less viscous. • ____________________ to increase surface area • _____________________ in micro-organisms to increase buoyancy • Fewer support structures in cold rather than warm seawater • Larger orgs (swimmers) are __________________________ • ____________________________ bodies • Would you rather be a Ferrari, or a minivan? Temperature • Smaller animals live in warmer seawater • More appendages in warmer seawater • • • • • Tropical organisms grow ___________, live ___________, reproduce __________________________ More diversity in warmer seawater Total amount of life is ________________ in cooler seawater (lots of nutrients) Stenothermal • Organisms withstand __________________ in temp • Typically live in ______________________ Eurythermal • Organisms withstand _________________ in temp • Typically live in _______________________ Salinity • Stenohaline • Organisms withstand only ________________ in salinity • Typically live in open ocean • Euryhaline • Organisms withstand __________________ in salinity • Typically live in coastal waters, e.g., estuaries • Need to maintain body water • _______________________________________, and freshwater fish are at risk of having their cells burst from the uptake of too much water Relationships in the Ocean • How and why organisms interact with one another Interactions between 2 members of the SAME species Reproduction Interactions between 2 members of DIFFERENT species Predation Parasitism Mutualism Competition Competition Cannibalism
