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Explain how war, religion, trade and exploration have increasingly connected the various civilizations of the world. Christianity Paul • became a missionary in order to convert Gentiles and Spread Christianity westward • He formed churches in the main cities of the Roman Empire which caused his message to spread to other cities and the countryside • Factors Aiding his success: -wrote in Greek - synagogue -Roman Roads - toleration of religion -broad appeal Constantine • Called together the Council of Nicea • Provided pardons, tax exemptions, permission for bishops to act as imperial judges • Emperors that succeeded Constantine were able to uphold Christian policy Theodosius • Proclaims Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire over 300 years after Christ’s death Augustine • He focused on the heavenly cities as opposed to the earthly cities, which in turn caused the Roman empire to focus their attention on enduring life and a divine God. • Influenced Romans to believe the fall of the empire was God’s purpose and they should pledge their lives to God. Reformation • Martin Luther is ex-communicated • Protestants broke free of Catholicism and formed their own free thoughts about religion • This allowed diversity and variability in the religion • Martin Luther led these Protestants and the movement spread through Germany, Switzerland and Western Europe • John Calvin- great influence on Presbyterianism • Jacob Hermensen- Influenced Methodism Islam Muhammad • Visited by and angel who instructed him to spread his faith • His followers began writing down his teachings (Quran) • This allowed for many to hear about the teachings of Islam Umma • A international community of Muslims • It allowed for Islam to be an internationally practiced religion, it gave the sense of community and that all Muslims were connected through the Umma Other tools for the spread of Islam • Military- believed in a holy war, they set out to destroy anything that went against the sole belief in Allah which caused many to convert out of fear • Trade- much of the religion was spread by merchants traveling through sub-Sahara west Africa and coastal east Africa • Pilgrimage- Muslims from different areas of the world made a pilgrimage to one central locationMecca Islam after Muhammad • Islamic community launched military campaigns which allowed them to spread outside Arabia • Conquered the Byzantine empires Crusades Effects of Crusades • Jerusalem fell into Muslim hands • The harsh rule imposed by Muslims in the Middle East influenced many to convert to Islam which helped to make the Mediterranean basis predominately Muslim • Italians expanded their trade into the Moslem world- spices were most important • Damascus was a central location for trade because it was a stopping point for those making the journey to Mecca • Christians were exposed to works of Aristotle, Islamic science and astronomy, Arabic numerals, and paper production as they traveled the Mediterranean basin • Established long term settlements in Muslim lands • Helped integrate western Europe and the economy of the Western Hempisphere Reconquista • Christians fought to recapture Spain from Muslim control • This got England and France involved in campaigning to put land back into Christian hands • Leaders of Spain and Portugal longed to convert Islamic states in North Africa to Christianity, which would later lead to European explorations Silk Roads globalization • The “Silk Roads” broke down traditional boundaries and linked the majority of Eurasia and North Africa • The “Silk Roads” connected the world in 3 ways: 1)economics 2)religion 3)disease Economics • The name comes from Chinese silk which was one of the main goods exchanged • Silk and spices traveled west from Asia and India • Spices were introduced in cooking, drugs, and perfume • Asia also trades horses • Roman empire offers glassware, jewelry, iron tools, wine etc Religion • Buddhism began in India and through merchant trade spread to Asia, Dunhuang served an area where merchants could rest, which is where they shared their religious beliefs • Buddhists and Dunhaung supported missions which allowed their spread into China • Hinduism spread by use of sea lanes • Christianity spread because Paul began his mission work in Antioch, it spread as far as India but mainly to the Mediterranean basin due to available transportation • Manichaeism spread through merchants and was established in large cities in the Roman empire Disease • Antonine Plague was brought from the east back to roman by troops returning from military campaigns • The Bubonic Plague erupted in southwestern China, it thrived in large trading cities. Italian merchants tried to escape the plague but return home and spread the disease into the Mediterranean Basin • Trade routes then allowed it to spread into Western Europe European Exploration Columbian Exchange • Spread of plants crops animals and disease which all led to a surge in population. • The Columbian exchange connected the New World to the Old World by transferring different crops, plants, and diseases between the two worlds. Explorers • Columbus- believed there were spices and silk in the Bahamas • Ferdinand Magellan- circumnavigation • Explorers were in search of new items for commerce, new trade routes and to spread Christianity Trading Posts • Portuguese posts were designed not conquer territory but to control trade routes • English and Dutch designed joint-stock companies to allow the government to buy and sell trading posts while keeping them privately owned ie: English East India Co & Dutch United East India Co. • The advanced in technology, military power and the persistence to make a profit created a global trade network • The Spanish used trading posts for trade and as an opportunity to convert people to Christianity which is why the Philippines today are mostly Roman Catholic Seven Years War • A global war which was the result of commercial competitions • French attacked English posts in India • French and English fought over sugar islands • Britain won the war which provided the first steps towards the British Empire of the 19th century Conquistadores • The Spanish searched the Caribbean for spices and silk, they changed their focus to America and parts of south America when they realized there were no spices or silk in the Caribbean • Cortes captured Tenochtitlan in search of gold • Pizarro led the Spanish in capturing Peru – – – – – Steel armor Guns Horses Swords disease • De Soto explored the southern states of America Colonization • Spanish establish colonies in Mexico and Peru • The Spanish began mining in these new lands producing silver- a commodity at large of global trade – Drafted labor – Produced a lot of wealth for Spain • Portuguese claim Brazil through The Treaty of Tordesillas • Portuguese began producing sugar, these plantations were work by African slaves Colonization cont. • French, English and Dutch sailed across the North Atlantic pursuing a northwest passage to Asia on the journey the found large amounts of cod • This resulted in fishing stations settled in the northeast and Canada but the French, British and Dutch • They tried to survive settlement life through producing fur, pitch, tar, lumbar and silver and gold • The animal pelts were exchanged for European goods such as wool blankets and alcohol – Iriquois would allie with Dutch fur traders to attack the Hurons, increasing their power • D’iverville- claimed Biloxi for France which is why France is included in the 8 Flags over Biloxi Colonization cont. • The fur traders displaced indigenous people but they could not force them into slavery • Indentured servants were sent from Europe to work the plantations • Then slaves from Africa began replacing these servants in places like Virginia (and south of Virginia) • Tobacco becomes a huge cash crop