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Explain how war, religion, trade
and exploration have increasingly
connected the various
civilizations of the world.
Christianity
Paul
• became a missionary in order to convert
Gentiles and Spread Christianity westward
• He formed churches in the main cities of the
Roman Empire which caused his message to
spread to other cities and the countryside
• Factors Aiding his success:
-wrote in Greek
- synagogue
-Roman Roads
- toleration of religion
-broad appeal
Constantine
• Called together the Council of Nicea
• Provided pardons, tax exemptions,
permission for bishops to act as imperial
judges
• Emperors that succeeded Constantine
were able to uphold Christian policy
Theodosius
• Proclaims Christianity the official religion
of the Roman Empire over 300 years after
Christ’s death
Augustine
• He focused on the heavenly cities as
opposed to the earthly cities, which in turn
caused the Roman empire to focus their
attention on enduring life and a divine
God.
• Influenced Romans to believe the fall of
the empire was God’s purpose and they
should pledge their lives to God.
Reformation
• Martin Luther is ex-communicated
• Protestants broke free of Catholicism and
formed their own free thoughts about religion
• This allowed diversity and variability in the
religion
• Martin Luther led these Protestants and the
movement spread through Germany,
Switzerland and Western Europe
• John Calvin- great influence on Presbyterianism
• Jacob Hermensen- Influenced Methodism
Islam
Muhammad
• Visited by and angel who instructed him to
spread his faith
• His followers began writing down his
teachings (Quran)
• This allowed for many to hear about the
teachings of Islam
Umma
• A international community of Muslims
• It allowed for Islam to be an internationally
practiced religion, it gave the sense of
community and that all Muslims were
connected through the Umma
Other tools for the spread of Islam
• Military- believed in a holy war, they set out to
destroy anything that went against the sole belief
in Allah which caused many to convert out of
fear
• Trade- much of the religion was spread by
merchants traveling through sub-Sahara west
Africa and coastal east Africa
• Pilgrimage- Muslims from different areas of the
world made a pilgrimage to one central locationMecca
Islam after Muhammad
• Islamic community launched military
campaigns which allowed them to spread
outside Arabia
• Conquered the Byzantine empires
Crusades
Effects of Crusades
• Jerusalem fell into Muslim hands
• The harsh rule imposed by Muslims in the Middle East influenced
many to convert to Islam which helped to make the Mediterranean
basis predominately Muslim
• Italians expanded their trade into the Moslem world- spices were
most important
• Damascus was a central location for trade because it was a
stopping point for those making the journey to Mecca
• Christians were exposed to works of Aristotle, Islamic science and
astronomy, Arabic numerals, and paper production as they traveled
the Mediterranean basin
• Established long term settlements in Muslim lands
• Helped integrate western Europe and the economy of the Western
Hempisphere
Reconquista
• Christians fought to recapture Spain from
Muslim control
• This got England and France involved in
campaigning to put land back into
Christian hands
• Leaders of Spain and Portugal longed to
convert Islamic states in North Africa to
Christianity, which would later lead to
European explorations
Silk Roads
globalization
• The “Silk Roads” broke down traditional
boundaries and linked the majority of
Eurasia and North Africa
• The “Silk Roads” connected the world in 3
ways: 1)economics 2)religion 3)disease
Economics
• The name comes from Chinese silk which
was one of the main goods exchanged
• Silk and spices traveled west from Asia
and India
• Spices were introduced in cooking, drugs,
and perfume
• Asia also trades horses
• Roman empire offers glassware, jewelry,
iron tools, wine etc
Religion
• Buddhism began in India and through merchant trade
spread to Asia, Dunhuang served an area where
merchants could rest, which is where they shared their
religious beliefs
• Buddhists and Dunhaung supported missions which
allowed their spread into China
• Hinduism spread by use of sea lanes
• Christianity spread because Paul began his mission
work in Antioch, it spread as far as India but mainly to
the Mediterranean basin due to available transportation
• Manichaeism spread through merchants and was
established in large cities in the Roman empire
Disease
• Antonine Plague was brought from the east back
to roman by troops returning from military
campaigns
• The Bubonic Plague erupted in southwestern
China, it thrived in large trading cities. Italian
merchants tried to escape the plague but return
home and spread the disease into the
Mediterranean Basin
• Trade routes then allowed it to spread into
Western Europe
European Exploration
Columbian Exchange
• Spread of plants crops animals and
disease which all led to a surge in
population.
• The Columbian exchange connected the
New World to the Old World by
transferring different crops, plants, and
diseases between the two worlds.
Explorers
• Columbus- believed there were spices and
silk in the Bahamas
• Ferdinand Magellan- circumnavigation
• Explorers were in search of new items for
commerce, new trade routes and to
spread Christianity
Trading Posts
• Portuguese posts were designed not conquer territory
but to control trade routes
• English and Dutch designed joint-stock companies to
allow the government to buy and sell trading posts while
keeping them privately owned ie: English East India Co
& Dutch United East India Co.
• The advanced in technology, military power and the
persistence to make a profit created a global trade
network
• The Spanish used trading posts for trade and as an
opportunity to convert people to Christianity which is why
the Philippines today are mostly Roman Catholic
Seven Years War
• A global war which was the result of
commercial competitions
• French attacked English posts in India
• French and English fought over sugar
islands
• Britain won the war which provided the
first steps towards the British Empire of
the 19th century
Conquistadores
• The Spanish searched the Caribbean for spices
and silk, they changed their focus to America
and parts of south America when they realized
there were no spices or silk in the Caribbean
• Cortes captured Tenochtitlan in search of gold
• Pizarro led the Spanish in capturing Peru
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Steel armor
Guns
Horses
Swords
disease
• De Soto explored the southern states of America
Colonization
• Spanish establish colonies in Mexico and Peru
• The Spanish began mining in these new lands
producing silver- a commodity at large of global
trade
– Drafted labor
– Produced a lot of wealth for Spain
• Portuguese claim Brazil through The Treaty of
Tordesillas
• Portuguese began producing sugar, these
plantations were work by African slaves
Colonization cont.
• French, English and Dutch sailed across the North
Atlantic pursuing a northwest passage to Asia on the
journey the found large amounts of cod
• This resulted in fishing stations settled in the northeast
and Canada but the French, British and Dutch
• They tried to survive settlement life through producing
fur, pitch, tar, lumbar and silver and gold
• The animal pelts were exchanged for European goods
such as wool blankets and alcohol
– Iriquois would allie with Dutch fur traders to attack the Hurons,
increasing their power
• D’iverville- claimed Biloxi for France which is why France
is included in the 8 Flags over Biloxi
Colonization cont.
• The fur traders displaced indigenous
people but they could not force them into
slavery
• Indentured servants were sent from
Europe to work the plantations
• Then slaves from Africa began replacing
these servants in places like Virginia (and
south of Virginia)
• Tobacco becomes a huge cash crop