Download Ancient Greece was not a unified country 500 BC The people in the

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Ancient Greece was not a unified country
City-States
An independent town or city that governs itself and the
land around it.
Polis
Typical Polis
Town or small city
Farmland
Population less than 20,000
Approximately 100 square miles
500 BC
Mostly in Greece along the Aegean Sea
Others scattered along the Coast of Asia Minor
Asia Minor: another name for the Anatolian Peninsula,
where much of Turkey is located
Along the coast of the Black Sea
Southern Italy
Northern Africa
The people in the city-states all spoke Greek
Some difference in dialects
Dialect is a regional variety of a language
Non-Greeks were called barbarians
When the barbarians spoke only meaningless
syllables could be heard
Religion
Greek Gods
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Chief God
Wife of Zeus
Hera
The sun god
Apollo
Poseidon Sea god
Aphrodite Goddess of Love
Own distinctive forms of government
Very innovative when it came to government
We still use many of their terms
Zeus
Spent most of their time on Mount Olympus
Came down time to time to influence human
affairs
Marvelous stories were told about the
adventures and misadventures of the gods
Temples were built to honor the gods
In the genesis most Greek city-states were
ruled by kings.
500 BC Many different forms of government
Politics
The art of governing a polis
Policeman
A person who preserves order in the state
Tyranny
Aristocracy
Oligarchy
Democracy
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•One
man is a dictator
•Power is gained illegally
•Popular at times
Opposition to the rich and helping
Power by the few noble and upper-class
families
Aristocracy means rule of the best
Power was sometimes shared with an assembly
made up of citizens, not always
poor
•Few
wanted to be ruled by tyrants
all of the time
Similar to aristocracy
Power by only a few people
Oligarchy means “rule of the few”
The few were not noble families
They were wealthy men
Power is shared by a large number of citizens
Citizens took part in the government
Debates
Policy
Elected officials
Greeks seemed to be the first people to
experiment with this type of government
Very popular among the Greek city-states
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The city-states loved their independence and
individuality
They thought it was better to have a local
government than to be ruled by a king that
lived far away
Many of the city-states would get into
disagreements and wars
Athens
vs. Sparta
Two of the largest and
most powerful citystates
This made it easy for foreign countries to invade
Greece
During times of crisis they might join together to
fight the foe but this was the exception
Alliances between city states were fragile and short
lived
Rivalries among them were sturdy and long-lasting
One of the largest Greek Polis’
One of the most democratic
Not always democratic
Monarch
Aristocracy
Oligargy
Democracy
Even a few tyrants
People were able to participate in the
government by 500 BC
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All citizens were allowed to participate in the
Assembly
Before making decisions the merits would be
debated
Decision would be made by a vote
Pass by a majority
The assembly passed laws, levied taxes and
voted on issues such as war and peace
The Boule was a smaller council that assisted
The Assembly
Made up of 500 members chosen by lots
Terms were 1 year
No-one could serve more than one term
They decided which issues need to be brought
before the Assembly
The Assembly also had the power to ostracize
citizens who might be a problem
Votes took place on an ostrakon or piece of
pottery
If enough people wrote the same name the
person had to leave the polis for 10 years
The ostracized person was allowed to keep their
property during that time
Athenian Law was divided into two sections
Public Laws
Ostracize- to banish or send away
Had to do with the city state
Fine or penalty decided by the Assembly or the
Boule
Private Laws
For people to work out their disagreements
Take your neighbor to court and have a jury decide
the case
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Much larger than todays
Leaders of the military
Elected officials by the Assembly
Played an important role in religious affairs
No political rights
No owning of property
Always under the control of a man
Athens was not completely democratic by
modern standards
Not everyone in the polis was a citizen
Most citizens served on a jury at one point in
their lives.
Strategoi
Sometimes as big as 501 citizens
The bigger the jury was the less likely to have
problems with bribery
Male
Atleast 18 years
Not a slave
Son of two athenian parents
All others could not vote in the Assembly or
serve on juries
Foreign residents
Artisans Craftsmen and merchants
Decided who she would marry
Could not participate in the debates
Could not attend certain public events
Not sent to school
Women were to bear children and tend to their
families
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Made up a quarter of the population or a third
of the population
Rich citizens had hundreds of slaves
Did not have political rights
Freedom could be bought
Citizenship could not
After slaves, women and children are
subtracted there are only about 40,000 people
that qualified as citizens.
Athens should be remembered as having many
people involved in politics
Young men were prepared to become good
citizens
Rhetoric
2 years of Military instruction
Many years of PE
Lots of exercise in gymnasiums
Participation in Symposiums
The goal of Athenian education was produce
solid citizens and well-rounded individuals
The Art of using language to persuade others
Logic, reading, writing, arithmetic and music
Learned to play instruments and memorized
epic poems
Epic poems: long poem that tells the adventures of
legendary heroes
Gymnasium- to exercise naked
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Spartans required 23 years of military
education
Education system emphasized military training
Inspection at birth
Treatment of children
Crying
Shoes
Little time was spent with reading writing and
poetry
PE most important subject
Taught how to endure great pain
Food rations cut when they became teenagers
Marriage at 20
At age of 7 children began their military
training
Taught to obey without question
Could not fight
Could own land
Encouraged to participate in sports
Expected to raise their sons as warriors
Expected to be prepared to lose sons in war
“ I bore him so that he might die for Sparta, and
that is what has happened, as I wished”
Protection against enemies
Barracks until 30
Dinner with army until 60
Wall of men the most effective defense
Spartans ruled large numbers of slaves
Helot
Had is much worse than Athenian slaves
Spartans made fun of Athenians for treatment of slaves
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Spartan society produced the desired results.
The people care more about the polis than their
own personal well-being
Called helots
Outnumbered Spartans 10 – 1
Treated like farm animals
Beaten regularly
Put to death for complaining
Oligarchy
Shouting for the candidates
Loudest crowd wins
Athenians thought this was funny
Ruled by 2 kings
Suppose to keep each other from becoming tyrants
In charge of the army
Council of Elders
Assembly
Elements of monarchy, aristocracy and limited
democracy
Much less democratic than the Ecclesia of Athens
Spartans thought that their traditional way of
life was much better than Athenian Society
Citizens could not debate
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ATHENS
SPARTA
Held in the city of Olympia
Every 4 years
A sacred disk was carried to all of the Greek
City States
Truce
The Olympics were a religious festival in honor
of Zeus
776 BC a foot race was added
200 yard race
An agreement where two or more people agree to
stop fighting
The truce lasted as long as it took the athletes to
travel to Olympia, attend the games, and return
home
Prize for winning was a wreath of olive leaves
Honor
Athletes became heroes and were immortalized
in songs or sculptures
Other events were added and the Games
became a regular event
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They dressed Athenian Style
Not even shoes
Runners felt that clothing would slow them down
Javelin
Distance
Accuracy while riding a horse
Only males and priestesses were allowed to
watch
Most events were based on skills that were
needed for survival
Slaves and women put to death for watching
Run
Wrestle
Horse Riding
Discus
Long Jump
Involved carrying weights
Pentathlon
Pankration
5 events: discus, javelin, long jump, wrestling, 200 yd
foot race
No rules
Except no biting and sticking fingers into opponents
eyes
400 yard race
While wearing helmet shin guards and carrying a
shield
The Games lasted until 393 AD
Theodosius I
Did not like the religious rites in honor of Zeus
First Modern Olympics were held in 1896 in
Athens
The Olympics have been held every 4 years
since
Not during WWI and WWII
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499 BC
Miletus Rebels against Persian rule
Needed the help of Greek City States
Athens agrees to help
498 BC
Athenians cross the Aegean Sea and defeat the City
of Sardis
The other Greek Polis’s decide to join in
Athenians went home
495 BC
Darius puts down the revolt in Asia Minor
Angry with the Athenians
Crosses the Aegean sea for revenge
Marathon
26 miles from Athens
Athenians were badly outnumbered
CHARGE
Persians broke ranks and fled to their ships
6,000 Persians/192 Athenians
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After the victory
Messenger to Athens announce victory
“Rejoice, We Conquer!”
And died of exhaustion
Marathon was an extremely important battle
because the Athenians were filled with pride.
Persians didn’t like defeat
480 BC
Xerxes determined to conquer all of Greece
100,000 men
600-700 Ships
Athens and Sparta Unite
200 -300 Ships
10,000 Men
Led by King Leonidas of Sparta
The Greeks realized that they could win without a
strategy
Thermopylae
75 miles north of Athens
Narrow pass between high cliffs
Only one part of the army could attack at a time
Greeks held the pass for 2 days
A traitor (Ephialtes) showed the Persians how to
slip around the Greeks
Leonidas ordered the majority of the army to
retreat.
300 left behind
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The heroism of the Spartans slowed the
Persians but did not stop them
Xerxes burns Athens to the ground
Persians are set to conquer Greece
Xerxes leads with his navy
Fleets crash at Salamis
Most of the citizens had been evacuated
Athenian navy lured them to shallow waters
Rammed and sunk Persian ships
Greek boats were filled with soldiers
Defeat of the Persians
Xerxes sails home
Pausanias
The battle of Plataea
Persians out of Greece
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After the Persian War
Sparta hurries home to their helots
Athens begins to build a mighty empire
Many of the poleis feared that the Persians would
invade again
Wanted to protect themselves from future invasions
The Delian League is Established
Used to fund the Golden Age of Athens
This period lasts 75 years
Sparta refused to join
Athens plays the leading role
From the Persian Wars (479 BC) to the end of the
Peloponnesian War (404 BC)
Athens produces some of the greatest artistic
and achievements the world has ever known
Each polis agrees to:
Send money or ships to support the league
Amount sent determined by Athens
Athens begins to treat allies more like colonies
Each member of the league had to swear
allegiance to Athens
No one was allowed to resign from the league
One of the leading citizens during the Golden
Age
Elected to the Strategoi for 30 years
An amazing orator
“his words were like lightning and thunder”
People were swayed by his opinion
Hard Worker, and dedicated
He did not spend time walking on roads that did not
lead to government buildings
He did not believe in wasting time attending parties
or social events
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Led the military in victorious campaigns
Kept members of Delian League in line
Established and supervised Athenian Colonies
Convinced the Ecclesia to build bigger and
stronger walls to protect Athens
Patron of the Arts
Rebuild the temples and buildings in the
Acropolis
Walls to Piraeus
Strengthened Athenian Democracy
Wanted to use money from the Delian League
Controversial
Pericles used his oratorical skills to persuade the
allies
Convinced Ecclesia to pay citizens for government
work
Enabled the poor the opportunity to participate in the
government.
The most famous building built under the
leadership of Pericles
Temple to Athena the Greek Goddess of
Wisdom
Built between 447 and 432 BC
One of the Greatest Treasures of human culture
Pericles wanted the building to be a symbol of
the wealth, power and prosperity of Athens
2 Architects were recruited
Iktinos and Kallikrates,
They designed a building that was 230 x 100 x
60
20,000 tons of marble were used
Each side of the Parthenon had a row of
columns
Doric columns
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Carvings on the side were done by Pheidias
40 ft statue of Athena
Large Theatres were built for drama
performances
Drama began as Festival in honor of the Greek
god of wine
Covered with Gold and Ivory
Inside the Temple
The most famous sculptor of Ancient Greece
Statue of Athena cost more than the building it was
housed in.
Two Types of Drama
Destroyed in ancient times
A smaller copy still exists
Comic
Aristophanes
Tragic
Sophocles
Euripides
Aeschylus
Sponsored by Pericles
Wrote a trilogy called the Orestiea
3000 participants each year
Oldest of the four dramatists
Fought in the Persian Wars and wrote plays
about them
Comedy
Tragedy
The Theatre of Dionysus
Dionysus
One scene caused children to go into convulsions
and pregnant women had miscarriages
Wrote more than 80 plays
Only 7 have survived
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Teenager during the Persian Wars
Played roles in performances celebrating the
victory
Aeschylus’ biggest rival
Oedipus the King
Made fun of statesmen
Produced 80-90 plays
Won fewer awards than Aeschylus and
Sophocles
Admired for his psychological insights
Distinctive Pottery
Hippocrates
Pericles
Made fun of Dramatists
Euripides
Most famous play
Comic playwright
Made fun of Scholars
Herodotus
Socrates
Father of Medicine
Hippocratic Oath
Father of History
Thucydides
History of the Peloponnesian War
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Sparta and some of its allies form the
Peloponnesian League
Named that way because of its location
Democratic relations between Athens and the
Peloponnesian League Deteriorated
431 BC War Breaks out
Pericles knew that the Spartan Army was much
stronger
Athens has a stronger navy
Athenian Strategy
Pericles convinces the citizens to follow his
plan
Everyone leaves and seeks refuge in Athens
Sparta marches in to find a deserted countryside
Avoid meeting Sparta in a land battle
Hole up in the walls of Athens
Supply the people within the walls via the Navy
Attack towns along the coast of the Peloponnesus
Year two
Another Spartan land attack
Athens retreats behind the walls
Burn everything
Athenians wanted to fight
“Crops will grow back, dead men will not”
A plague sweeps through the city
1/4th of the population is killed
Lasts 3 years
Pericles Dies
Pericles is replaced
The strategy is successful in the 1st year
Sparta give up
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Sparta could not attack
Athens would not leave
Alcibiades
Attack the island of Sicily
Renew supplies
Attack Sparta on Both sides
Some people didn’t trust Alcibiades
Athens met a strong resistance
Sicily is much stronger
Athenian army is divided
Alcibiades is ordered to return to Athens
Battle at Sicily shifts the balance of power in
the favor of the Spartans
Spartans ally with Persia
First Naval Victory in 405 BC
Athens surrender in 404 BC
Sparta and it Allies win the Peloponnesian War
Those that weren’t killed became slaves in the
quarries
Flees to Sparta
Tells Sparta of Athens plans
Sparta did not trust him
Flees to Persia
Athenians are forced to tear down the walls that
once protected them
Not allowed to have a navy any more
New government set up by Sparta
Rule of 30 nobles
The nobles were corrupt
Athenians Rebel
Democracy is restored
Sparta allows Athens to be as long as they are
peaceful
End of the Athenian Empire and the Golden Age
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As the Athenian Empire crumbles
Athenian philosophy bursts into bloom
Athens becomes the home of brilliant and
influential philosophers
Socrates
Aristotle
Plato
6th Century BC many people become
disenchanted with the explanations that
mythology provides
Greeks begin to use reason to understand the
world
All of life’s early questions were answered with
Greek Mythology
Storm at Sea
Poseidon
Thunderstorm
World’s Problems
Zeus
Pandora
Everything is always changing
You never step into the same river twice
To live long it was important to keep your soul
from becoming to wet.
The beginning of Philosophy
The love of Wisdom
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24 at the end of the Peloponnesian War
Tried to record the early conversation of Socrates
Dialogues were based on things that Socrates
might have said
Much more idealistic than Socrates
Tried to understand what the ideal of goodness
was and less time trying to help people recognize
whether they were actually living it
Started the Academy
Lasted 900 years
Closed by Justinian because it didn’t teach Christianity
Philosophers should play a central role in
society
They understand the meaning of truth and justice
Did not believe in the idea of Democracy
It gave people power that didn’t understand justice
Democracy executed Socrates
Plato thought that citizens should spend their
lives training to be good people
Ideal society would teach citizens to control
themselves and to act for the good of others
Mastery of Mathematics
Two worlds
Plato thought it led to pure abstract truth
Perfect one of forms and ideals
Imperfect one that we live in
The purpose of philosophy was to identify the
perfect forms that life really has in its ideal
state
By studying mathematics and philosophy we
can learn what things are really like.
Born in 384 BC
Studied with Plato for 20 years
Started his on school called the Lyceum
Collected animals insects and plants
Loved to study and dissect them
He learned that there is always more than one way
to explain things
All explanations were important
He developed that basics of the scientific
research
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Wrote the Nicomachean Ethics
“Virtue, therefore is a kind of moderation or mean as
it aims at the mean or moderate amount.”
People should avoid extremes of all kinds
Not all people are created equal
Men vs. women
Aristocrats vs. non-aristocrats
Slavery
Studied to see which form of government was
the best
The responsibility of the government was to create
the good life for its citizens
Legacy of the Philosophers
Taught us to examine our lives
Taught us about observation
Beginning of Rome is vague
Myth
Farmers
Romulus and Remus
United to form a town
Early Rome was ruled by kings
Monarchy is replaced with an aristocratic
republic
509 Revolt
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Consuls
Plebeians wanted rights
They left the city and elected their own officials
Tribunes
The plebeians forced the patricians to treat
them better and to give them a voice in the
government
Class distinctions faded away
Slavery
Rights of Women
Members of the Roman lower class
Had few rights
No representation
Patricians
Plebeians
Patricians
Plebeians
Assembly of 300 Aristocrats
Republican Rome is ruled by men chosen from
among the Roman elite
2 unequal groups
2 men that replaced the king
Elected by the Senate every year
Senate
Members of the ruling class or aristocracy
Received the best education
Were the only members of the senate
Initially Rome was always defending itself
from its enemies
275 BC Rome had conquered all central and
northern Italy.
Early Roman society was based on its army.
Romans loved valor, and bravery, loyalty, duty,
honor and fidelity
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Army began as farmers that were forced to
fight to keep their land
Later soldiers were given land for service in the
Army
Built temples to celebrate their victories
Gained rights
Better life
Rome had a purpose in all of this
Serve in the Army instead
Reward for fighting well
Conquered people were made citizens of Rome
Governed by magistrates
Troops were left behind to keep order
Rome becomes very rich because of all the
plunder
Senate became more and more powerful
Romans did not have to pay taxes
Generals became wealthy
No tribute
Fringe benefits
Conquered people were organized into
provinces
Everything goes through Rome
Carthaginians are people from Carthage
They were originally Phoenicians
Carthage is in Northern Africa
Wanted to conquer Sicily
Success of the Republic depends on the success
of the army
Modern Day Tunisia
Had problems in their attempt
Sicilians asked Rome to help them
Rome agrees
They want to conquer Sicily secretly
Beginning of the Punic Wars
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Battle for control of the western Mediterranean
Lasted for more than a century
Rome wins the First Punic War
Stopped Carthage
Took over Sicily
Rome had stopped Carthage in Sicily
Carthaginians take over Spain
The treaty that ended the Punic War
established boundaries for Carthage’s empire
Hannibal chooses a city close to the border to
conquer
Saguntum
Romans try to protect Sagantum
Second Punic War begins
Hannibal attacks Rome
By land
People whose territory they marched
War Elephants through the Alps
Hannibal's men suffered greatly
Son of Hamilcar Barca
Grows up hating the Romans because of defeat in
the 1st Punic War
Wanted to conquer Rome completely
Begins to make plans at the age of 26
Hannibal and his army are attacked again and
again
Hamilcar Barca
Hannibal
Not anywhere else
Hannibal hoped that people would join him on the
way
No one helped out
Rome refuses to surrender
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The Roman Army attacks the Carthaginians in
Spain
Completely driven out of Spain
Scipio Africanus
Wants to go to Carthage and conquer it.
Hannibal and his men abandon Rome
202 BC
Away from the trade routes
250,000--50,000
Survivors sold into slavery
City is leveled
Land is ploughed
Salt is poured in the furrows
Scipio Aemilianus
Adopted Grandson of Scipio Africanus
Carthage defends itself against a small army
Treaty is broken
Rome sends in its armies
Rome wins
They were willing to give up their weapons
Romans told them they would have to leave
Rome Attacks Carthage
Wanted Carthage destroyed completely
“Carthage must be destroyed”
150 BC
Scipio is victorious
Carthage is forced to pay Rome for its losses
Hannibal will not give up
Carthaginians did not want to fight
Considered Rome’s #1 enemy
Senator Cato
Return to Carthage
After the 2nd Punic war Carthage was still
trouble
Long and bitter battle
Rome becomes the dominant power of the
Mediterranean
Conquered all of Alexander’s kingdoms
Greece
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Greek culture wins the battle
Copies and imitations were made
Roman authors imitated Greek authors
Roman students studied Greek literature and
philosophy
Greeks are Romanized
Romans are Hellenized
The army had become professional
Wealthy Romans had Greek sculpture brought to
Italy
Became a career for men who joined
Most men joined to get rich and achieve higher
status
They had more loyalty to their generals than Rome
Generals could attack their own city
Senate created a law to prevent this
Foreshadowing
Roman culture created youth that looked for
power and wealth and honor.
This was only possible through the military
Julius Caesar was one of these young men
Patrician Family
Not wealthy
Many of the Governors were ruling poorly
Rome had to rely on military strength to hold
the republic together
Tall
Well built
Dark brown eyes
Intelligent
Good Sense of Humor
Liked to look good
Hair trimmed
Shaven face
Almost bald
First comb-over
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Commanded part of the Army
Began to make friends and allies
After conquering Gaul
Caesar wants to be in the Consul again
Not good the first time
Kept power from their enemies
No alliance with Pompey and Crassus
Pompey realized Caesar was using him
Becomes one of the most successful Generals
Not allowed to bring his army
Pompey would have him arrested
“the die is cast”
“crossing the Rubicon”
Civil war begins
Caesar Becomes a dictator
Conquers Gaul
Invaded Britain in 55
Pass laws
Legally dictatorships could only last 6 months
Placed his face on coins
Caesar Crosses the Rubicon River
Schemed together
Caesar told to come to Rome for his election
Caesar is Elected to consul
Caesar expands the Roman Republic
Spent money to become popular
Pompey and Crassus
Changed the name of month Quintilis
Julius (July)
Always wore a laurel wreath
Something only kings did
Symbol of conquerors and victors
Other work
Worked to make more people citizens of Rome
Improve court system
Help others avoid debt
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Caesar had a hard time trusting others and
wanted complete control
Many people blamed Caesar for the collapse of
the Roman Republic
All of the pressure made Caesar constantly sick
Too arrogant
44 BC
60 “friends” came to pay him a visit
Dozen of them drove their weapons into him
Brutus and Cassius
“Et tu, Brute?”
Dismissed his body guards
Romans did not want to see kings again
One month after being elected dictator for life
Epilepsy
Not a great dictator
Caesar never noticed the pain that he caused
for others
Forced the Senate to vote for him as dictator for life
Great General
Increased the Power of Rome
Destroyed the Republic
Link between what Rome was and would
become
Another Civil War broke out
Lasted 13 years
Octavian becomes sole ruler
Defeats Cassius and Brutus
Marc Antony
Becomes the first roman emperor
Named Caesar Augustus
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JULIUS CAESAR
Tall
Well built
Dark brown eyes
Intelligent
Good Sense of Humor
Liked to look good
CAESAR AUGUSTUS
Short
Not good looking
Small teeth
Dirty, widely separated
Didn’t care how he
looked
Bad Health
Liked to sleep in
Avoids battle
Very good administrator
Romans no longer had pride in the Roman
Empire
Make Rome Strong
Ambitious Building Program
Get the people to believe in the Empire
Architects, sculptors, artists
Build beautiful buildings
Copied the Greeks
Created a new image for Rome that the citizens
could be proud of
Not known as a great soldier
Built arches celebrating Roman history
Rebuilt the temples
Re-established religion
Felt like the government didn’t care
Romans could believe in the old gods and goddesses
Gave the Romans a sense of identity
A New Beginning for Rome
“inherited brick and left it marble”
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Augustus became a patron of the arts
Invited poets to write about Augustus and what he was
doing for the empire.
The poem that Virgil wrote
Becomes the greatest epic poem of Ancient
Rome
Story of Aeneid
The poem isn’t completely about Augustus
Shared responsibilities with the Senate
Tried to not become too arrogant
Virgil dies before completing it
Augustus loves the poem
2 groups
Commanded by senators that had to report to senators
Senate calls him Imperator
Augustus strengthens roman law
Non Citizens
Commanded by noblemen
“He who commands”
Roman Citizens
30 Legions
Called himself Princeps
“First Citizen”
Aeneas
Founds Rome
Trouble along the way
Dido
Nothing could stand in his way
AKA Virgil
Virgil wrote a poem that celebrated the glory of
Rome.
Friend named Maecenas
Publius Vergilius Maro,
No more getting money solely by plunder
Special Treasury
Avoiding another Julius
Military was mainly used to keep order
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Pax Romana
Roman peace
Lasts 200 years
Establishes the Empire and Rules it well
Worked well with the senate
Helped the Citizens to feel proud for Rome
Used army for peace
Peace lasted Centuries
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