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Selected solutions to Ch.3 Problems Ch.3 PROBLEMS Sections 3.1 and 3.2 3.1 (I) What net force must be exerted on a 7.0-kg sack of potatoes to give it an acceleration of 3.5 m/sec2? Solution. a = f m ⎞ kg • m ⎛ ∴ f = ma = 7kg ⎜ 3.5 2 ⎟ = 24.5 = 24.5 Newtons ⎝ ⎠ m sec sec 2 3.2. (I) A net force of 30 N is applied to an object, which is then observed to accelerate at 0.25 m/sec2. Calculate the mass of the object. kg • m f f sec 2 = 120kg Solution. a= ∴ m= = m a .25m/sec 2 30 3.3. (I) Calculate the acceleration of a rocket of mass 1.2 x 106 kg if the net force on it is 2.0 x 106 N. Express in (a) meters per second-squared and (b) as a multiple of the acceleration of gravity, g. f 2 x10 6 N m a= = =1.67 2 Solution 3.3a. 6 m 1.2 x10 kg sec ⎛ ⎞ m ⎜ g ⎟ = 0.170g Solution 3.3b. 1.67 2 i⎜ s 9.8 m ⎟ ⎜⎝ ⎟ s2 ⎠ 3.4. (I) (a) What is the weight in newtons of a 50-kg person on earth? (b) The acceleration due to gravity on the moon is 1.67 m/s2. What would this person's weight be on the moon? Solution 3.4a. Weight = mg = 50kg( Solution 3.4b. Weight on the moon. 9.8m kg m ) = 490 = 490 newtons 2 sec sec 2 Weight = mg = mgmoon = 50kg( 1.67m ) = 83.5 newtons sec 2 Selected solutions to Ch.3 Problems 3.5 (I) Calculate the mass in kilograms of a flea that has a weight of 5 x 10-6 N. wt 5 x10 −6 kg m/sec 2 = = 5.1x10 −7 kg Solution 3.5. Wt = mg therefore, m = 2 g 9.8 m/sec TABLE 3.1 I COEFFICIENTS OF KINETIC AND STATIC FRICTIONa µk Kinetic Friction Rubber on dry concrete 0.7 Rubber on wet concrete 0.5 Wood on wood 0.3 Waxed wood on wet snow 0.1 Metal on wood 0.3 Steel on steel (dry) 0.3 Steel on steel (oiled) 0.03 Teflon on steel 0.04 Bone lubricated with synovial fluid 0.015 Shoes on wood 0.7 Shoes on ice 0.05 Ice on ice 0.03 Steel on ice 0.02 µS Static Friction 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.14 0.5 0.6 0.05 0.04 0.016 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.4 "Values are approximate. 3.6 (I) How much kinetic friction will there be in a knee joint if the weight supported by the joint is 500 newtons. (Use table 3.1 for coefficient of friction). Solution 3.6. From table 3.1, the coefficient of friction, µ, of synovial fluid is 0.015. f= µFN = 0.015(500 N)= 7.5 newtons. 3.7. (I) If a steel spatula experiences a frictional force of 0.20 N when scraping against a Teflon frying pan, what is the normal force between the spatula and the pan? (Use table 3.1 for coefficient of friction). f 0.2 N = 5.0 newtons Solution 3.7. friction = FN ⋅ µ Therefore, FN = = µ 0.04 3.8. (I) A frictional force of 300 N is observed between two moving pieces of steel when a normal force of 1000 N exists between them. Please refer to table 3.1 in order to determine if the steel oiled or dry? f 300 n friction = F µ ∴ µ = = = 0.30 N Solution 3.8 FN 1000 n Selected solutions to Ch.3 Problems Ch.3 PROBLEMS continued Sections 3.1 and 3.2 3.9. (I) What is the tension in a strand of spider thread when a spider of mass 1.0 x 10-4 kg hangs motionlessly from it? Hint: The tension will have the same magnitude as the spider’s weight. Tension Weight Solution. 3.9. Tension = weight = mg= 1 x 10- 4 kg(9.8 m/sec2) = 9.8 x 10- 4 newtons 3.11. (II) An orderly exerts a horizontal force of 50 N on a gurney with a patient on it. The gurney and patient have a total mass of 90 kg. If the gurney and patient accelerate at 0.35 m/sec2, what is the magnitude of the frictional force opposing the motion? friction 90 kg 50 newtons Solution. 3.11. f 50 n + f m m a= = = 0.35 2 ∴ f = 90 kg(.35 2 ) − 50n = −18.5 newtons m 90kg sec sec The negative sign indicates that the frictional force is backward. You should write your answer as friction = 18.5 newtons backward. Selected solutions to Ch.3 Problems Ch.3 PROBLEMS continued Section 3.3 3.20. (II) Two movers push horizontally on a refrigerator. One pushes due north with a force of 150 N and the other pushes due east with a force of 200 N. Using trigonometric functions, determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the refrigerator. Resultant force 150 N 200 N Solution 3.20a. We will use the Pythagorean theorem to find the magnitude of the resultant force. Resultant magnitude = 150 2 + 200 2 = 250 newtons Solution 3.20b. The direction of the resultant can be found by using the trig. rule for the tangent of an angle. opposite 150 Tan θ = = = 0.75 ∴ θ = 36.9 adjacent 200 The direction of the force is 36.9˚ North of East. That is equivalent to a bearing of 53.1 degrees. 3.22. (I) Using trigonometric functions, determine the magnitudes of the two forces, F I and F 2, which add up to the total force shown in Figure 3.25. Fig. 3.25 Solution 3.22, F1 opposite Sin35˚= 50N opposite = Sin35˚i50N = 28.7Newtons F1 = 28.7 Newtons Solution 3.22, F2 Cos35˚= adjacent ; Adjacent = Cos35˚i50N = 41.0N 50N Selected solutions to Ch.3 Problems 3.23. (II) Figure 3.26 represents a sled viewed from above being pulled by two children and experiencing a frictional force. Find the acceleration of the 9.0-kg sled. Solution 3.23 Baby step 1. Determine the forward and left components of F1 Forward component of F1: Cos30˚i10N = 8.66N Left component of F1: Sin30˚i10N = 5.0N Baby step 2. Determine the forward and right components of F2. Forward component of F2: Cos45˚i14.1N = 9.97N Right component of F2: Sin45˚i14.1N = 9.97N Baby step 3. Total up the forward components and total up the left-right components. Assign forward as positive and backward as negative. Let right be positive and left be negative. Don’t forget the frictional force. Newtons Forward-----Backward Right-----Left 8.66 -5 9.97 9.97 friction -10 0 Total 8.63 4.97 Total forward components = 8.63 Newtons forward. Total left-right components = 4.97 newtons to the right. Selected solutions to Ch.3 Problems Baby step 4. Draw a diagram and determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force due to the boys and friction. Magnitude = 8.63 N ø 8.632 + 4.97 2 = 9.96Newtons 4.97 N Direction = Tan −1 ⎛⎜ 4.97 ⎞ = 29.9˚ ⎝ 8.63 ⎟⎠ Baby step 5. Use Newton’s second law to determine the acceleration of the sled. kg ⋅ m 9.96 ( 27˚ to the right of forward ) 2 F ∑ s a= = m 9kg m a = 1.11 Ans. s 2 , 29.9˚ to the right of forward. Section 3.4 Selected solutions to Ch.3 Problems 3.38. (II) Even when the head is held erect, its center of gravity is not directly over its major point of support, the atlanto-occipital joint. The splenius muscles in the back of the neck must therefore exert a force to keep the head erect. Calculate the force they must exert, using the information in Figure 3.36, if the / mass of the head is 5.0 kg. center of gravity 5 cm FM 2.5 cm weight = mg = 5kgi9.8 m = 49Newtons s2 The weight of an object can be viewed as acting in a straight line from the center of gravity of the object, toward the center of the earth. FM is the unknown force produced by the splenius muscle. The mass of the head ‘m’= 5 kg. We can solve this problem by using the concept that when a system is in rotational equilibrium, the clockwise and counterclockwise torques are equal. Solution 3.38. Clockwise torque = Counterclockwise torque 49Ni2.5cm = FM i5cm Ans. FM = 49Ni2.5cm = 24.5N No wonder my neck aches. 5cm Selected solutions to Ch.3 Problems 3.39. (II) A man stands on his toes by exerting an upward force through the Achilles tendon, as in Figure 3.37. Calculate the force in the Achilles tendon if he stands on one foot and has a mass of 80 kg. (Yes, this is another torque problem). Solution 3.39. Note: that 80 kg is his mass, not his weight. First determine his weight. weight = mg = 80kgi9.8 m = 784Newtons s2 Clockwise torque = Counterclockwise torque FA i4.0cm = 784Ni12.0cm Ans. FA = 784Ni12.0cm = 2, 350 newtons 4.0cm 3.41. (II) What force must the woman in Figure 3.38 exert on the floor with her hands in order to do a pushup? m = 490newtons s2 Clockwise torque = Counterclockwise torque 490Ni0.90m = Freaction i1.50m Ans. Freaction = Solution 3.41 wt = mg = 50kgi9.8 490Ni0.90m = 294newtons 1.50m Selected solutions to Ch.3 Problems Section 3.5 3.45. (II) What acceleration is experienced by materials 10 cm from the center of rotation of a centrifuge that spins at 4000 revolutions per minute? Express your answer in m/s2. Solution 3.45. Baby step 1.Convert 10 cm to meters. 1m 10cm = 0.10m 100cm Baby step 2. Objects moving in a circular path, undergo centripetal acceleration. Write down the equation for centripetal acceleration. v2 ac = r Note that we do not know the tangential velocity, v. We have been given the angular velocity in revolutions per minute. Baby step 3. Determine the tangential velocity in meters per second. Use the fact that distance traveled in one revolution is 2πr, (the circumference of a circle). r e v 2π i0.10m 1min m v = 4000 i i = 41.9 min rev 60 sec = s Baby step 4. 2 m⎞ ⎛ 41.9 ⎟ 2 ⎜ ⎝ v m m s⎠ a = = = 17, 546 = 17, 500 Ans. c r 0.10m s2 s2 Selected solutions to Ch.3 Problems 3.46. (I) (a) How much sideways force must the wheels of a 950-kg car exert to cause it to round a corner of radius 200 m at a speed of 35 m/sec? (b) What acceleration does the driver experience? Express your answer in meters per second-squared and as a multiple of g. Solution 3.46b. Baby step 1. Let’s determine the centripetal acceleration first. ⎛ m⎞ ⎜⎝ 35 ⎟⎠ v m s ac = = = 6.13 2 r 200m s 2 Baby step 2. Convert from m/s2 to number of ‘g’s. m 1g 6.13 i = 0.625g s 2 9.8 m s2 Solution 3.46a. Newton’s 2nd law tells us that ∑ F = ma . ∑ Fcentripetal = miac = 950kgi6.13 m = 5, 820Newtons s2 3.47. (I) (a) Calculate the acceleration of a 0.55-m-diameter car tire while the car is traveling at a constant speed of 25 m/sec. (b) Compare this with the acceleration experienced by a jet car tire of diameter 1.0 m when setting a land speed record of 310 m/sec. 2 ⎛ m⎞ 25 ⎟ v 2 ⎜⎝ m s⎠ = 2, 270 2 Solution 3.47a. ac = = r 0.275m s Solution 3.47b. m 2 v2 ( 310 sec ) m ac = = =192, 000 2 r .5 m sec m acceleration of jet tire s 2 = 84.6 = m acceleration of car tire 2270 2 s 192, 000 Selected solutions to Ch.3 Problems 3.48 (II) What centripetal acceleration (in meters per second squared) is experienced by the passengers in a jet airplane making a level turn of radius 1. 0 km at a speed of 400 km/hr? Solution 3.48. Baby step 1.Convert the speed to m/s. km 1000m 1hr m 400 i i = 111 hr 1km 3600s s Baby step 2. Convert 1.0 km to meters. 1kmi 1000m = 1000m 1km Baby step 3. Write down the centripetal acceleration equation and do the math. m 2 v2 (111 sec ) m = =12.3 2 Ans. a c = r 1000 m sec 3.49. (II) What centripetal force is exerted by the rope on a 1.2-kg tether ball swung in a 2.0-m-diameter circle at 45 revolutions per minute? Solution 3.49. v2 Baby step 1. ac = r We don’t have the tangential velocity. Remember that every revolution is once around a circle. The circumference of the circle is 2π ir . Let’s calculate v. Note that the radius is 1.0 meters. Baby step 2. We are ready to use the centripetal acceleration equation. 45 rev 2π i1.0m 1min m i = 4.71 1min 1rev 60s s 2 m⎞ ⎛ 4.71 ⎟ 2 ⎜ ⎝ v m s⎠ ac = = = 22.2 2 r 1.0m s Baby step 3. Determine the centripetal force. Ans. ∑F centripetal = miac = 1.2kgi22.2 m = 26.6newtons s2 Selected solutions to Ch.3 Problems 3.50. (II) At how many revolutions per minute must an astronaut-training centrifuge rotate to produce an acceleration of 10g if the radius of rotation is 25 m? Solution 3.50. Baby step 1. Convert 10g to m/s/s. m s 2 = 98 m g s2 9.8 10g Baby step 2.Determine the tangential velocity. v2 ac = therefore v= ac ir r v = 98 Baby step 3.Convert tangential velocity to angular velocity in revolutions per minute. m m i25m = 49.5 s2 s Ans. ω = 49.5 m 1Re v 60s rev i i = 18.9 s 2π i25m 1min min