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1. List primary and secondary actions of the six extra ocular muscles. Muscle primary action secondary action tertiary action testing position LR abduction none none abduction MR adduction none none adduction SR elevation intorsion adduction up and out IR depression extorsion adduction down and out IO extorsion elevation abduction up and in SO intorsion depression abduction down 2. Explain the difference between the cover/uncover test and the alternate cover test. Cover/uncover test is the basic examination for the patient with a manifest squint (tropias). This is a monocular test designed to reveal a squint or strabismus. When the non-squinting eye is uncovered, the strabismic eye which has temporarily taken up fixation will return to its original position ie; nasally in a convergent squint, temporally in a divergent squint. Alternate cover test is the basic examination for the patient with an underlying latent squint (phorias). In this test, both eyes are straight at the beginning and end of the procedure, one eye is covered for about 2 seconds and then quickly moved to cover the other eye. As the occluder is moved from the first eye a small compensatory movement may be identified ie. nasally in exophoria or laterally in esophoria.