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Using the PICO model to formulate a search question This guide was taken from a presentation done by Jane Willson Assistant Librarian Newham University Hospital NHS Trust 6th September 2007 What is PICO? • A useful model to help structure an answerable question • Used to formulate clinical questions • Breaks down the question into four key elements The PICO model • Patient, Population, Problem • Intervention • Comparison • Outcome Patient, Population, Problem • Patient or patient group (gender, race, age) • Disease or condition • Stage of the illness • Care setting Intervention • Type of treatment (drug, procedure, therapy) • Intervention level (dosage, frequency) • Stage of intervention (preventative, early, advanced) • Delivery (who delivers the intervention? where?) Comparison • Alternative interventions (standard treatment, placebo, another intervention) • There may not always be a comparison Outcome • The outcome or effects you are interested in, for example – – – – Improvement of symptoms, healing Side effects Improved quality of life Cost effectiveness and benefits for the service provider Remember… • Including more search terms will narrow your search – Use for very specific questions and larger databases to make number of results more manageable • For a broader search, less specific details are needed – Use for broader questions and smaller databases which bring back fewer results Identifying the key concepts • Example search scenario: What evidence is there to support maggot therapy for the treatment of pressure ulcers rather than conventional debridement therapies? • Identify the concepts : What evidence is there to support maggot therapy for the treatment of pressure ulcers rather than conventional debridement therapies? Using the PICO model • P Pressure ulcers (problem) • I Maggot therapy (proposed intervention) • C Conventional debridement therapies (comparative treatment) • O Wound healing (outcome) References • Booth, A. (2004) “Formulating answerable questions” in Booth, A. and Brice, A. Evidence-based practice for information professionals: a handbook. Facet Publishing. pp. 61-70 • Nordenstrom, J. (2007) Evidence-based medicine in Sherlock Holmes’ footsteps. Blackwell Publishing. • Zakowski, L., Seibert, C. and VanEyck, S. (2004) “Evidence-based medicine: answering questions of diagnosis.” Clinical Medicine & Research, 2(1) pp. 63-69.
