Download CHANGES AND CONTINUITIES OVER TIME IN ASIA

Bilal Arshad, Srilu Garikapati, Kihoon Kang
Vincent Tem, Amy Wang, Kevin Wong,
Allen Park
8000 B.C.E - 600 B.C.E MAPS
8000 B.C.E - 600 B.C.E
Interaction between the humans and the environment:
- Rivers vital to civilization. Transportation, food source, soil fertilization
-7000 BCE- agriculture developed in East Asia
India: Indus River Valley- Aryans (1500-500 B.C.E)-along river banks.
Huge mountains- contact was limited, but Hindu Kush allowed trade.
Grew cotton. built wastewater systems, used irrigation.
China: Yellow River Valley - agricultural surplus. Shang:
geographically isolated from the world, agricultural surplus led to
trade-based economy.; Yellow dust from wind became fertile soil.
Walls built around cities. Forests cleared, dikes built. Zhou:
empire too large so divided rule. Built reservoirs to store water
during times of droughts.
Southeast Asia: Had many forces, so burned & cut vegetation for
clearing land. Honed navigational skills & learned how to predict
nature cycles.
8000 B.C.E - 600 B.C.E
Development and interaction of cultures:
-monothestic Hebrew faith in southwest Asia spread to eastern Mediterranean
and into central Asia by the Assyrians
India: Indus Valley Civilization: Vedic Age- Aryans, nomads, establishment of
Hinduism (polytheistic) - Vedas & Upanishads (sacred texts), caste system,
reincarnation and karma
-irrigation, advancement in technology (ex. potter's wheel)
China: used oracle bones as a link between heaven and man. Gods controlled
all aspects of lives including agriculture and natural disasters
South East Asia: Hindu beliefs from immigrants. Pottery, silk, stone tools.
Bronze Tools used after 2000 BCE. Horses for transportation. Intellectual:
Decimal system and accurate calendar
8000 B.C.E -600 B.C.E
State Building, expansion and conflict:
India: Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro-major cities governed by priestkings. Consistency in public structures suggest strong central authority.
Coastal towns gathered food and interacted with other civilizations.
- Fell because of breakdown of political/social/economic systems.
Elites lost authority and merged with general population.
China: Ruler was link between Heaven and Earth. Mandate of Heaven
legitimized the link.
Shang: highly centralized, developed bureaucracies.
Zhou (1045 - 221BCE): feudal system and political fragmentation.
Bureaus was used for governing. Officials hired to advise rulers on
their theories of an ideal government.
8000 B.C.E - 600 C.E
Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems:
India: had access to metals of Middle East. Goods moved along rivers,
so they acted as middlemen in long distance (Persian) trade. Fish from
rivers, and grew cotton, rice, grain, beans. Use of canals and
irrigation
Industry: textiles, clay figurines, and Jewels
- Urban centers fell and village based farming and herding became
prominent. Lessened interactions with other regions.
China - Agriculture: millet, wheat, rice (in Yangzi River Valley). Rice
fed more people per acre than any other grains.
Trade: Production of silk cloth, pottery, but with limited sea trade.
Southeast Asia: Main agricultural product: rice.
Trade: Plants and animals spread from Southeast Asia to other
regions. Technology: Metal products produced.
8000 B.C.E - 600 B.C.E
Development and transformation of social structures:
-men dominated all major religions while women served in similar
capacities as priests, prophets, and missionaries
-China: -ancestor spirits were important for connecting with the Gods.
Elite were a warrior class: military campaigns made prisoners into
slaves. Women were expected to be subservient
-India-Priests/kings in villages had high importance; some merchants
but mostly farmers, men took up most of the skilled jobs while women
weaved and cooked at home
600 B.C.E. - 600 C.E. MAP
600 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
Interaction Between Humans and the Environment
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During the Qin Dynasty, the Great Wall was created to keep out invaders from the
North. The Great Wall was extended and repaired by later dynasties.
•
Many canals were made throughout this period. The Grand Canal linked the
Yellow River with the Yangzi River. Its construction was completed during the Sui
Dynasty.
600 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
Development and Interaction of Cultures
•
China: the Warring States Period (481-221 BCE) gave rise to
Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism.
- Qin Dynasty unified China and ruled using legalism as its main tool- it
created a single Chinese style of civilization.
- Han Dynasty popularized and made Confucianism a part of Chinese
culture. Buddhism also slowly entered China from India.
- These dynasties fought invasions from the Xiongnu in the North.
• India: influenced by Buddhism during Ashoka's rule, but later
influenced by Hinduism during the Gupta Empire (320-550 C.E.)
- A base-ten number system was developed in India and it later
spread to the Middle East.
• Southeast Asia: Funan was influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism
from India.
• The Silk Road allowed for the exchange of ideas as well as goods.
Religions and technologies spread through the trade route.
600 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict
China:
The Qin Dynasty unified China in 221 B.C.E.
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•
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The Han Dynasty expanded China, but after it collapsed in 220 C.E, land
was dispersed among the many dynasties that appeared.
In 581 C.E, China is reunited under the Sui Dynasty.
India:
The Mauryan Empire (342-184 B.C.E.) united India. Ashoka contributed to
the spread of Buddhism.
•
•
After the fall of the Mauryan Empire, India was not united until 320 C.E. by
the Gupta Empire. This empire's monarchs were Hindu and they revived
ancient Vedic practices.
600 B.C.E. - 600 C.E.
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic
Systems
The Silk Road was a land trade route that connected Asian and
European countries.
China: the expansion of a network of canals helped to transport goods.
India: there was lively commerce between Asia and Africa by land and
sea trade routes.
Southeast Asia: Funan flourished by controlling trade routes across the
Malay Peninsula.
600 B.C.E - 600 C.E.
Development and Transformation of Social Structures
China:
• In China, the gentry was a privileged group that studied confucianism and
ran the government.
• Confucianism was very important in Chinese government and society. The
family unit was very important, as Confucianism emphasized filial piety,
patriarchy, and the 5 relationships.
India:
• In the Indian caste system, the highest caste was the Brahmin (priests)
while the lowest class was the pariahs (untouchables).
•
•
Buddhism appeared in India around 600 B.C.E. It slowly spread and
rejected the caste system.
Hinduism was Vedic based but was able to absorb aspects of Buddhism.
600 C.E. - 1450 C.E. MAP
600 C.E. - 1450 C.E.
Interaction between humans and the environment
China: Sui and Tang Dynasty had many public works projects and
built Grand Canal linking Yellow River with the Yangtze River.
Improved Great Wall, and created irrigation system.
Song Dynasty: increased food output in farms and had population
increase. Large spending on sea exploration.
Yuan (121-1368): farmland used as means of taxation. Great
Pandemic spread diseases (Bubonic plague) from the silk road.
India: extensive trading nation (routes in Indian Ocean). Dhow ships
used for shipping. Long coast line and agricultural fertility attracted
traders
Southeast Asia: Strait of Malacca allowed passage through South
China sea. Proximity to China, India, made Malacca (port city) very
diverse and prosperous.
The Silk Road also allowed for the spread of goods and technology.
600 C.E. - 1450 C.E.
Development and interaction of cultures
China: Sui and T’ang Dynasty (581 – 907 C.E.) - Tang taizong, saw
himself as a Confucian ruler. Opposition to buddhism because it contradicted
confucianism. Turkic and Tibetan influences.
Song dynasty (960 – 1279 C.E.)
- Scholars took Neo-Confucianism + Buddhism and emphasized family
rituals justified subordination of women, ex. foot-binding
-focused on civil service exams, industry, education, and the arts
- metallurgy, high-quailty porcelain, gunpowder, movable type
Mongols: disunified culture, and tolerant of other religions
Japan: Early Shinto religion, worshipped the Kami, natural forces / entities
Korea: heavily influenced by China via tributary systems of T'ang Dynasty.
Schools and nobility organized like the Chinese. Shamanism was a unique
characteristic of Korea.
Vietnam: Confucian hierarchy, but followed Korea's and Japan's model of
not practicing foot-binding and allowing more freedom for women.
India - women were less repressed, especially with the rise of Islam.
600 C.E. - 1450 C.E.
State Building, expansion and conflict:
India: Muslim invaders conquered the Hindus: Delhi Sultanate
China: In 618- unified under the Tang Dynasty which soon fell by local
warlords undermining power from the emperor in 907.
-By 960- reunified again under the Song, which soon fell to the Mongols.
Temujin brought all mongol tribes together, in 1206, and was proclaimed
Genghis Khan -The Mongols conquered most of Asia, and destroyed many
cities.
-Peaceful rule established Yuan dynasty in 1279, called the Pax Mongolica.
-The Ming Dynasty arose after the Mongols were driven from China, and
restored traditional rule in China.
Japan: inspired by tang agricultural society, instituted a series of reforms to
centralize power, --> Heian period: central power in Fujiwara family. Based on
chinese values, women contributed to japan's literature.
Decline from failure of equal-field system, japan became a feudal-like society:
decentralization as regional warlords (daimyos) controlled land and
economy.
600 C.E. - 1450 C.E.
Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems
China: - Sui Dynasty had great ambitions towards public works projects
such as the Grand canal, and military ambitions in Korea and Vietnam.
Tang: Buddhists paid no taxes and undermined economic structure. Idea of
credit was formed. Tributary system: payment to Chinese government in
East and SE Asia (allowed them to access Chinese trading system) .
Chang'an was capital of Tang, as well as a hub of communications between
many people of different origins.
Song: rapid economic growth undermined government monopolies. Iron,
gunpowder, and steel industries.Spread of idea of credit, but economy fell.
Government taxed farming (heavy on commoners) to pay for public services.
high military expenditures)
Mongols: - Yuan Dynasty: porcelain and silk luxury trade with Asian and
European nations along the Silk road.
India: demand of luxuries rose, and trade in the Indian Ocean was
prosperous. Exports of precious metals, jewels, textiles, and timber. Two
legs of trade: Middle East, and Southeast Asia
600 C.E. - 1450 C.E.
Development and transformation of social structures
China: Tang and Sui Dynasty (581-755) Nobility descended from
Turkic elites.
Chinese women: Wu Zhao, first Empress of China. Increased influence
of women at the Tang court. Buddhists paid no taxes and served no
armies.
-Gov't jobs in bureaucracy were merit based (civil service exam)
Song dynasty (960 – 1279 C.E.) had foot-binding and subordination of
women who took on management of husband's property
Hereditary class distinctions were less defined. (w/ civil service exams).
- Merchant and class saw increase of power and overtook farming
class.
Vietnam and Korea: social structures based on the Chinese social
structures, (esp. Tang), allowed women to handle property.
Japan: code of conduct: Bushido, Warriors: Samurai, Feudal system
Elite noble responsible for local government.
The aristocratic women managed their respective households, and
1450 C.E.- 1750 C.E.
1453 C.E.
1789 C.E.
1450 C.E. - 1750 C.E.
Interaction between Humans and the Environment
China: Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
- Advances in printing(woodblock printing), shipbuilding, agriculture
- Ming Dynasty ruled by ethnic Han Chinese
Qing(Manchu) Dynasty (1644-1911)
- Rulers were Manchus, not ethnic Chinese
India: Delhi Sultanate (1206- 1526)
- Hindus and Muslims both lived in Delhi Sultanate.
Mughal Empire(1526-1857)
-Advances in metallurgy and astronomy
1450 C.E. - 1750 C.E.
Development and Interaction of Cultures
Ming Dynasty & Qing Dynasty: state religion was
Confucianism
The Ming Dynasty desired to hold on to traditional Confucian
(Chinese) values.
For example, Christianity was banned in 1724 to protect Ming culture.
The Qing adopted Chinese institutions. Manchu Emperor Kangxi was
a Confucian scholar. He ruled from 1662 to 1722.
India:Delhi Sultanate: Clash between Islam and Hinduism
Mughal Empire: Religious toleration to intoleration
Akbar had policy of religious toleration. However, Hindu temples were
destroyed afterwards.
Japan: Tokugawa: Zen Buddhism and Shintoism
-both religions were main religions
1450 C.E. - 1750 C.E.
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict
Ming Empire: the government used the civil service exams that were
used in earlier time periods, used an educated bureaucracy;
-due to massive trade in the world economy, Ming cities became
culturally and economically active
Qing : used exams just like Ming Empire did; along with trade, came
religion
Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire: both governments under
the rule of one leader
Ashikaga/Muromachi Shogunate (1338-1477): rapid
urbanization in this period; imperial center was Kyoto
1450 C.E. - 1750 C.E.
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic
Systems
Ming Empire: early 1400's: massive exploration and trade with Muslims
(ex: Zheng He's travels from Southeast Asia to Africa)
1450's: China stopped and turned inwards. They banned foreign religion
such as Christianity.
Japan: Tokugawa Shogunate / Edo Period(1600-1868): Japan
stopped trade with Western Europe.
Indian Ocean Trade: Trade increased 1200-1500 due to the collapse
of the Mongol Empire; Trade between India, Africa, the Middle East, and
Southeast Asia; cargo ships(Arab) were dhows and sailors used monsoon
winds, Chinese cargo ships were called junks.
1450 C.E. - 1750 C.E.
Development and Transformation of Social Structures
Ming Dynasty: followed traditional Confucian values; therefore
women were placed underneath men in the hierarchy; include
footbinding; filial piety and family are very important
Qing Dynasty: same as Ming since Manchu emperors followed
Chinese traditions
Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire: both were Islamic and
therefore, the women had less power than the men and were
subservient to men
1750 C.E - 1900 C.E
1750 C.E - 1900 C.E
Interaction between Humans and the Environment
- Asians migrated - indentured laborers recruited for
plantation work and railroad building.
China: emperors encouraged recovery of farmland and
resulted in doubling of population. Bubonic plague of
Southwest China.
Japan: migrated to Brazil and Latin America for agricultural
work.
India: forests cleared for plantations, and irrigation systems
to alleviate famine.
Technologies: Railroads, canal building for irrigation, and
steamboats. Spread of cholera due to freer movement..
- migrated to Africa, Southeast Asia, East Indies.
1750 C.E - 1900 C.E
Development and Interaction of Cultures
Qing
Believed that China was the center of the universe and all outsiders were
barbarians.
This superiority mentality made trade tough, mainly with the British who
did most trades. (1793, Macartney's lowering knee)
Did not yet realize that Western "barbarians" were more scientifically and
technologically advanced-stronger navies, better weapons, and effective
armies.
Japan
State Shintois - government sponsored religion, emphasized Japanese
superiority and veneration of the emperor as a descendant of the gods.
Agriculture practice was rationalized -> freed up labor force j
a new middle class, the merchants, began to partially modernize Japan as
they gained Western science and technology awareness.
India: Ghandi- preached for nonviolent resistance to British rule.
1750 C.E - 1900 C.E
Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems
India: British, Dutch and French wanted trade. Exports were
agricultural : tea, opium, silk, cotton. Imported goods from
Britain - ie. machine-cotton textiles. Railroads were to serve
British commerce. - British East India Company
China:.Opium smuggled in from black markets profiting both
British and Chinese merchants. Treaty of Nanking: forced trade
open to the British
Japan: Treaty of Kanagawa: Japan be open for trade; heavy
industry established by government. Encouraged industrialization:
state owned enterprises to manufacture inexpensive consumer
goods for export.
1750 C.E - 1900 C.E
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict
Qing
Boxer Rebellion - Chinese anger at foreign influence bubbled over,Rebels attacked
foreign residents, beseiged foreign legation.
Taiping Rebellion - costliest most devastating civil war in world history. Started by
Xiuquan: saw "visions" and thought he was destined to establish "a heavenly
kingdom".
White Lotus - inspired by a ideology: predicted the Ming dynasty and coming of
Buddha
Japan
Mathew Perry - "friendly" request to an opening of japan with the threat of naval
bombardment.
Meiji Restoration (1868) - realization to adopt Western learning. Revolution from
above, radically altered Japan's politics, economics, and social organization.
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) - resulted in Japan's occupation of Taiwan and
Korea (annexed in 1910)
Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) - first time in modern era that a non-Western
nation had defeated a European power in military conlfict.
India
Sepoy Rebellion - new gun cartridges greased from pig and cow fat caused a revolt
from the Hindus and Muslims because of both religions' dietary laws; failed
1750 C.E - 1900 C.E
Development and Transformation of Social Structures
Qing
-gender roles and relations remained almost unchanged
- Qing (Manchus) adopted Chinese policies and institutions
-Tokugawa Shogunates ruled in the 18th century-real power belonged to
the shoguns, not the emperors.
-(1871)-feudalism abolishes-(1890) constitution made-(1898) modern laws
(civil code made)
-Economic growth nourished a new merchant-class culture, but the position
of the samurai deteriorated under economic and social pressures
India
-In response to modernization, Indian nationalism arose in the increasingly
educated middle class
1900-Present Map
1900-Present
Interaction between humans and the environment
•Introduction of new technologies like the radio, allowed for more
communication.
•There was a rapid growth in population throughout India and
China.
•There was a widespread of diseases in Asia such as the flu (in
Hong Kong), and cholera (in South Asia).
•There was more demand of resources in Asia, that hurt the
environment around them and made increases in imports.
•Green Revolution in India allowed for more food to be produced
using new technologies such as pesticides.
•It also had a negative impact on the environment which called for
more green sources of energy, and conservation the Kyoto
Protocol was an initiative to become more "green".
1900-Present
Development and Interactions of Cultures
•Many Asian nations modeled America and Europe in industrialization
and utilization of modern technologies. Some also wanted to make them
even better (Japan and South Korea).
•Religion played a major role in the independence movement in India.
–The clash of Hindus and Muslims caused the partition, and formation
of Pakistan.
•Existing cultures/traditions were threatened by new communist
movements in the Cold War.
–During the Cultural Revolution, the Red Guards in China tried to destroy
old traditions and try to impose the teachings of Mao.
•In addition art, literature, and the media were used as forms or
propaganda for North Korea, China, and Russia during the Cold War.
• Islam remains a major religion today in the Middle East, South Asia, and
parts of Southeast Asia today
1900-Present
State Building Expansion and Conflict
•Growing nationalism in Asia led to many independence movements and
decolonization.
–In the beginning of the century India had a new independence movement that was led by
Mohandas Ghandi and the Indian National Congress. India successfully broke away
from Britain in 1947 and became one of the largest democracies.
•Japan was growing in their empire, but was soon defeated by the allies in
World War II.
•There were many proxy wars in Asia during the Cold War (Korean War,
and Vietnam war).
•During the Cold War many countries (like North Korea and Vietnam)
embraced communism for state-building and a form of government.
•The fall of the Qing empire had caused China to undergo a period of
instability and weakness. After World War II, China embraced
communism but it was revolving around the peasants. People protested
(as seen in Tiananmen Square incident) and wanted democracy.
Eventually communism died out.
1900- Present
Creation, Expansion, and Development of Economic Systems
•Great Depression: little effect on many Asian countries, but some were
hurt.
–India had protected its small industries through tariffs, and China’s problems were
more political.
–Japan was greatly affected and sought conquest for economic benefit which was
thwarted by their defeat in World War II.
•During the Cold War China, and North Korea embraced communism which
crippled their economies due to many failures.
–China (focused on the peasants) wanted to collectivize agriculture, and account for every citizen
in their economic development. China also had their own version of the Five-Year Plans to
industrialize (steel was still a major factor).
•Many nations emerged economically, and re-entered the world market
again.
–The Four Asian Tigers were South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore which all had
highly developed economies.
–Japan also re-entered its economy through many sacrifices by its citizens, and the keiretsu.
•Communist had failed in China, and Deng Xiaoping, introduced new policies
that included elements of free market capitalism.
1900- Present
Development and Transformation of Social Structures
•Women improved economically and had more rights in countries
like India and China. Communism allowed for new opportunities
for women.
•During Communist China there was a huge class division between
the workers and the senior officials that caused for much protest.
• The Chinese government tried to control the population by only
allowing families to have one child or be punished (usually by
tax).
•Majority of countries still have a big number of unemployment,
poverty, and under-developed.
–In India, majority of the people still live in slums
–China still has a majority of people working for less than a dollar a
day.
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