Download What is Ebola? - G

Mukasheva A.E. – 3 year student
Kazakh Academy of Labor and Social Relations
(Almaty, Kazakhstan)
THE EXPANSION OF EBOLA IN THE WORLD
The article is devoted to ebola expansion in the world.
Keywords: infection, virus, expansion, treat, dangerous.
Perhaps no virus strikes as much fear in people as Ebola, the cause of a deadly
outbreak in West Africa.
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports more than 21,600 confirmed or
suspected cases of Ebola, mostly in the countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone,
as of January 18. More than 8,600 people have died in the largest Ebola outbreak ever
recorded.
On August 8, the WHO declared the Ebola outbreak in West Africa to be a
«public health emergency of international concern». It said, «a coordinated
international response is deemed essential to stop and reverse the international spread»
of the virus.
On September 16, President Barack Obama announced a plan to scale up the
nation’s response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa. Responding to a plea for help
from the Liberian government, Obama said the Department of Defense will send
personnel there to boost the international response to the outbreak. The U.S. will also
build 17 100-bed units to treat Ebola patients.
Ebola was first identified in 1976, when it appeared in outbreaks in Sudan and the
Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is named for the Ebola River, which runs near
the Congolese village where one of the first outbreaks happened.
WebMD asked AmeshAdalja, MD, about the virus and efforts to contain it.
Adalja is an infectious disease doctor at the University of Pittsburgh [2].
Table: Timeline outbreaksof Ebola virus
Year
Count
ry
Subty
C
D
pe
ases eaths
Democratic
Bundib
2012 Republic
ugyo Ebola 57
of the
Congo
Ugand
Ebola
2012
a
Sudan
7
Ugand
Ebola
2012
a
Sudan
24
51%
29
4
17
Fatalit
yrate
57%
71%
2011
Ugand
a
Ebola
Sudan
Democratic
Ebola
2008 Republic
Zaire
32
of the
Congo
Ugand
Bundib
2007
a
ugyo Ebola 149
Democratic
2007 Republic
of the
Congo
2005
Congo
2004
Sudan
Ebola
Zaire
264
Ebola
Zaire
Ebola
Sudan
1
1
12
44%
14
25%
37
71%
187
83%
10
7
17
100%
41%
2003
(NovemberDecember)
2003
(JanuaryApril)
20012002
20012002
2000
1996
1996
(JulyDecember)
1996
(JanuaryApr)
1995
Congo
Ebola
Zaire
35
29
Congo
Ebola
Zaire
143
128
Congo
Gabon
Ugand
a
South
Africa
Ebola
Zaire
59
Ebola
Zaire
65
Ebola
Sudan
425
Ebola
Zaire
1*
90%
75%
44
82%
53
53%
224
1
Gabon
Ebola
Zaire
60
45
Gabon
Ebola
Zaire
31
21
Ebola
83%
100%
75%
68%
81%
Democratic
Zaire
315
Republic
of the
Congo
Côted'
Ebola
1994
Ivoire Ivory Coast 1
Ebola
1994
Gabon
Zaire
52
Ebola
1979
Sudan
Sudan
34
Democratic
1977 Republic
of the
Congo
1976
Sudan
Democratic
1976 Republic
of the
Congo
Ebola
Zaire
254
0
60%
31
65%
22
1
1
Ebola
Sudan
284
151
Ebola
Zaire
318
280
0%
100%
53%
88%
What is Ebola?
Ebola is a deadly disease caused by a virus. There are five strains, and four of
them can make people sick. After entering the body, it kills cells, making some of
them explode. It wrecks the immune system, causes heavy bleeding inside the body,
and damages almost every organ.
The virus is scary, but it’s also rare. You can get it only from direct contact with
an infected person’s body fluids.
Ebolavirus - genus of viruses of the family filovirus, causes Ebola haemorrhagic
fever in higher primates. Morphological features ebolavirusov similar to Marburg
virus, also owned by the family of filovirus and cause similar disease. Ebolavirusy,
especially the kind Zaire ebolavirus (Ebola virus, Ebola virus), have led to several
well-lit serious epidemics since the discovery of Zaire ebolavirus species in 1976.
Type of Zaire ebolavirus was isolated in the basin of Ebola in Zaire, which gave the
name of the virus [3].
Сlassification:
Rhode Ebola Virusis divided into fivespecies. Manhitonly4 species. ForReston
ebolaviruswhen infectinghumancharacteristicasymptomatic. It is believedthat the
naturalreservoirsof the virusare foundin equatorialforests.
Zaire ebolavirus.
Type of Zaire ebolavirus (Ebola virus, Ebola virus, EBOV) was firstrecordedin
Zaire (now -Democratic Republic of Congo), why it was named. Zaire ebola
virusconsidered the type species ofthe genusand causedthe largest number ofoutbreaks
of disease. Has the highestpercentage of mortality, reaching 90%. The
averagemortality rateis aro und 83%. During the outbreakin 1976 mortality was 88%,
in 1994- 60%, in 1995-81%, in 1996-73%, in 2001-2002-80%, in 2003-90%.
The first outbreakwas recordedAugust 26, 1976in the small town Yambuku.
Firstbecameill 44-year-old school teacher. Symptomsresemble those ofmalaria.It is
believed thatoriginallycontributed to thespread of the virusre-useneedles
forinjectionswithout sterilization.
Sudan ebolavirus.
ViewSudan ebolavirus (SUDV)was recordedalmost simultaneously with
theZairianvirus.It is believed thatthe first outbreakoccurredamongfactory workersinthe
small town ofNzaraSudan.A carrierof the virushas notbeen identified, despite the fact
that immediatelyafter the outbreak ofscientistshave testedfor the presence ofthe virus
indifferent animalsand insectsthat livein the vicinityof this town.
The last outbreakrecordedin November 2012 – January 2013 in Uganda. On
average, mortality rateswere 54% in 1976,68%in 1979 and 53% in 2000 and 2001.
Reston ebolavirus.
View Reston ebolavirus (RESTV)is classifiedas a type ofEbola virus. Unlikethe
others,this kind ofAsian origin; hisbirthplaceandsource ofthe Philippines. The virus
wasdetectedduring an outbreak ofviralhemorrhagic fevermonkeys (SHFV)in 1989. It
has been establishedthat the source ofthe virus werecynomolgus monkeys, whichwere
takenfrom the Philippinesinone of theresearch laboratoriesin Reston, Virginia, USA.
After thisoutbreakhave been recordedin the Philippines, Italy andthe United
States.Restonebolavirusis not pathogenicto humans, but a danger toapes and pigs.
Tai Forest ebolavirus.
Virus Tai Forest ebolavirus (TAFV, previously Coted'Ivoire ebolavirus,
CIEBOV) was first discoveredin chimpanzeesin the Taiforestin Côte d'Ivoire, in
Africa.November 1, 1994 foundthe bodies of twochimpanzees. An autopsy revealedthe
presence of bloodin the cavitiesof certain organs. Research chimpanzee tissues gave
the sameresults as thestudyof tissuesof peopleduring1976casesEbolain Zaireand
Sudan.
Later thatsame year of 1994, were foundthe bodies of otherchimpanzees, who had
discoveredthe same subtypeof Ebola virus. One of the scientistswho carried outthe
autopsyof deadmonkeyscontracted Ebola. Symptomsa week after the autop
sychimpanzees. Immediately after thatdiseasedwas takento Switzerland fortreatment
thatsix weeks afterinfectionto complete a fullrecovery.
Bundibugyo ebolavirus.
November 24, 2007 The Ministry of Healthof Ugandahas announced the Ebola
outbreak inBundibugyo. After isolation ofthe virus and itsanalysisin the USThe World
Health Organizationhas confirmedthe presence ofa new speciesof Ebola virusBundibugyo ebolavirus (BDBV). February 20, 2008 the Ministry of Healthof
Ugandahas officially announcedthe end ofthe epidemic inBundibugyo. Intotal, there
were149recordedcasesof infection with thisnew type ofEbola, 37 of themfatal. The last
outbreakof the disease wasin 2012 inthe DRC, mortality was36% [1].
How do you get it?
You get Ebola from a person who has the virus, and only while he or she has
symptoms. People pass it to others through their body fluids. Blood, stool, and vomit
are the most infectious, but semen, urine, sweat, tears, and breast milk also carry it.
To get Ebola, you’d have to get these fluids in your mouth, nose, eyes, genitals, or
a break in your skin. You could also pick it up from items that have fluids on them,
like needles or sheets.
How You Won’t Get Ebola.
You can’t get Ebola from casual contact, like sitting next to an infected person.
Air, food, and water don’t carry the virus. But kissing or sharing food or a drink with
someone who has Ebola could be a risk, since you might get his saliva in your mouth.
What are the symptoms?
It can take from 2 to 21 days, but usually 8 to 10 days, after infection for signs of
Ebola to appear. Symptoms can seem like the flu at first - sudden fever, feeling tired,
muscle pains, headache, and sore throat.
As the disease gets worse, it causes vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and bruising or
bleeding without an injury, like from the eyes or gums.
Where is Ebola?
There have been 33 Ebola outbreaks since 1976, but the 2014 outbreak in West
Africa is by far the largest. The virus has infected thousands of people and killed more
than half of them. It started in Guinea and spread to Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Nigeria.
A man who traveled to the U.S. from Africa died of Ebola in October. A nurse who
helped treat him came down with Ebola.
Is There a Vaccine for Ebola?
There is no approved medicine or vaccine to treat or prevent Ebola. Scientists
have tested some drugs on animals, which seemed to work. But they haven’t studied
how the medications affect humans. Researchers are also studying two new vaccines
that could prevent Ebola, but they still need to test them in more people to see if
they’re safe and if they work.
Treatment.
Since there aren’t any drugs to fight the virus, health care teams treat the person’s
symptoms and offer basic support care. They:
 Keep the person hydrated with fluids through an IV.
 Give oxygen.
 Maintain their blood pressure.
 Treat any other infections they have.
A person’s survival depends on how well his immune system works. The sooner
he gets medical care, the better the chances he’ll recover.
After Ebola.
Ebola survivors have certain proteins, called antibodies, in their blood that may
protect them from the same strain of the virus for 10 years or more. But no one knows
if they can get sick from the other strains.
It’s rare, but the Ebola virus can stay in semen for 3 months after a man recovers,
so he should avoid sex or use a condom to keep from infecting others. The virus can
stay in breast milk for 2 weeks after recovery, so women shouldn’t breastfeed during
that time.
How Can I Prevent It?
The best way to avoid Ebola is to stay away from areas where the virus is
common. If you are in an outbreak area:
 Avoid infected people, their body fluids, and the bodies of anyone who has died
from the disease.
 Avoid contact with wild animals, like bats and monkeys, and their meat.
 Wash your hands often.
After you leave the area, watch for changes in your health for 21 days, and get
medical help right away if you have any symptoms.
Controlling an Outbreak.
Trained public health workers find every person who might have had contact with
an infected person. They watch each of those people for 21 days. If someone shows
signs of Ebola, health care teams test them, treat them, and keep them away from
others. Then the workers track down everyone that person came in contact with as
well. The goal is to stop Ebola from spreading further [3].
There cases when people have recovered after treatment and not.
Two other Americans - Rick Sacra, MD, and AshokaMukpo - recovered from
Ebola after being treated at the Nebraska isolation unit.
A Doctors Without Borders physician who returned to the U.S. after treating
Ebola patients in Guinea was the latest person in the U.S. to be diagnosed with Ebola.
Craig Spencer, MD, recovered after getting treatment at New York’s Bellevue
Hospital. He was released on November 11.
Spencer, who returned to New York on October 17, was taken to the hospital 6
days later after reporting a fever and vomiting.
Two nurses at a Dallas hospital also caught Ebola after treating Thomas Eric
Duncan, a Liberian man who later died. The nurses, Nina Pham, 26, and Amber
Vinson, 29, both work at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital. Duncan arrived in the
U.S. on September 20 to visit relatives and 10 days later became the first person to be
diagnosed with Ebola in the U.S. He died Oct. 8.
Both Pham and Vinson recovered from the virus and have been released from
hospitals. No one who had contact with them, including people on flights Vinson took
from Cleveland to Dallas and back before being admitted to a hospital, caught Ebola.
In total, five Americans infected with the virus in Africa have been brought back
to the U.S. for treatment. All have recovered. The five include aid workers Sacra, Kent
Brantly, MD, and Nancy Writebol.
The fourth person was flown back to the U.S. on September 9 for treatment at
Atlanta’s Emory University Hospital, where Brantly and Writebol were also treated.
This person's arrival came after the WHO said one of its doctors was being evacuated
from Sierra Leone after getting Ebola. The man was released from the hospital October
19. He wants to remain anonymous, the hospital said.
Mukpo, a freelance cameraman for NBC News, was flown to Omaha on Oct. 6.
He was part of a crew covering the outbreak in West Africa. He was released October
22 [2].
Specialwards forpatients infected withthe Ebola virus, prepared ininfectious
hospitals Kazakh city of Almaty, Astanaa nd Atyrau. It is reported bythe Ministry of
Health of Kazakhstan.
Workers inairports and train stationsin Astana,Atyrau, Petropavlovsk and
Shymkent have received instructionon how toidentify the Ebola virus and prevention
methods. In theair harborof Astana and Atyrau started checking allcitizensarriving
international flightswiththe thermal imager. Ifconfirmation of the virusre vealedthat the
hospitalswill be strengthenedquarantineinfectedandwill be placed inspecialisolation
ward.
According to the World Health Organization, the Ebola viruswas diagnosed
innine thousandpeople, more thanfourand a half thousandpeople have alreadydied of
thefever. Todaywe received informationabout anothercaseof recovery fromEbolain the
United States. American doctors havetold thatthe cameraman of NBC, which
contracted in Liberia, fully recovered. For the treatment ofa patient, doctors usedan
experimental drug Brincidofovir, createdby the American company Chimerix.
1 Cite – access: Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebolavirus Date of inquiry - 21.01.15.
2 Cite – access: Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа View Article Sources
3 Reviewed by Michael W. Smith, MD on January 20, 2015 © 2014 WebMD,
LLC. All rights reserved. Date of inquiry - 25.01.15.
25. Cite – access: Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/ru/ Date of inquiry - 01.02.15.