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8th World History Egypt Notes A. Sumerians The ________fertile crescent _______________ is a region in the Middle East that is curve shaped from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea. It includes __________mesopoyamia_______________ which is a situated between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. In fact Mesopotamia means “Land between the river.” Thousands of years ago the first civilization began to form known as ___kemet___________ because of the fertile soil called __silt____________ left by the floodwaters of the Tigris and Euphrates that was perfect for farming. The first Mesopotamian city was Uruk and as some cities grew they became ______city states_________________ as they were independent and ruled themselves and the surrounding area. Pretty soon the Sumerian city-states emerged where they created a new writing system called _________cuneiform______________ that used triangle shaped symbols to write. B. Babylon and Hammurabi Eventually Sumer fell allowing for an Akkadian called ___sargon______________ to become king enabling them to spread some of their cultural traits that are ideas common in a certain culture for more than 50 years under Sargon’s control. After Sargon’s death, the empire fell within 100 years and once again the Sumerian city-states fought for power. Then came an Amorite named ______hammurabi _____________ that took over a small unimportant city called Babylon. Hammurabi is best remembered for his creation of Hammurabi’s ____code__________, which was a set of laws that governed Babylon. The code included nearly ____300_________ laws that dealt with specific punishment for crimes. One law read “If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out.” C. Persia Babylon’s thick walls were not able to stop the Persian Empire. Under ______Cyrus the great__________________, Persia grew rapidly with its large and highly skilled standing army where soldiers were professional and permanent. Cyrus’ grandson, ______Darrius the great__________________, advanced the Persians even further by dividing the empire into provinces and creating a common ____currency____________ or money. Darius took the Persian wealth and created a ______road system_______________ across the empire allowing his armies and messengers to travel much faster. D. Phoenicians Phoenicians had few natural resources of its own so they traded with other cultures for resources and goods. These imports included pine and cedar logs, wine, olive oil, salt, fish, and others. Because of their location, the Phoenicians became great __sailors___________ and experts at navigation. - E. - F. - Through trade they were able to spread their culture including their ________alphabet ___________, which was the first known one where a set of letters made up a single sound. The Land The ancient Egyptians treasured the ____nile________________River as it was the lifeline to the people. The river flows through the Sahara and the through ___6________ cataracts before reaching Egypt, which made it impossible to travel. Egypt was broken into two separate regions: ______upper_________ Egypt and _____lower_________ Egypt. Upper Egypt was given its name because it is upstream of the Mediterranean Sea. Lower Egypt sits where a delta has formed because of the flood waters deposits of silt. Egyptians used to call their country “___kemet__________”, which means “the ____black land_________________” as a result from the flood deposited silt which was black. On either side of the Black Land lay the deserts of Egypt called “_____red land_______________” due to its burning sands and deadliness. Civilization Around 7,000 years ago people began growing crops in the Black Land and over time began to grow more food allowing for a surplus, which leads to a ______food surplus________________. They built walls around the fields to trap the floodwater for better crop growth. Powerful families began to emerge and gain control over land where they would collect surplus crop as ____taxes_______________. The tax money would be used to buy certain goods like jewelry and such things provided by merchants and artisans. Surplus of crops supported people wanting to do things other than farm like being ____merchant___________ or ____artisans ________________. Merchants began to settle around the homes of local rulers and slowly, settlements turned into cities. G. Kingdoms of Egypt During the 300’s B.C. two kingdoms emerged: Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt Upper Egyptian kings wore a ___red____________ crown while Lower Egyptian kings wore a ____white______________ crown. Legend says that a man named _narmer_____________________ unified the two kingdoms about 3,000 B.C. making him the first ______pharaoh _______________ of Egypt beginning one of Egypt’s earliest dynasties. To show unification, Narmer wore of double crown of red and white. The history of Egypt is separated into three kingdoms: ____old________,_middle_____________, and ______new_____________ The Old Kingdom was from 2686 B.C. to 2125 B.C. with a period of achievement in many areas. The Middle Kingdom was from 2055 B.C. to 1650 B.C. where they really began to deal with the Nile floods by building canals. The New Kingdom followed more civil wars and flourished from 1550 B.C. to 1070 B.C.. This was the high point of Egyptian power. The New Kingdom eventually weakened allowing for invasion such as the Persians or Alexander the Great in 332 B.C. H. Egyptian Government The Pharaoh relied on a bureaucracy headed by a ______vizer_________. Usually the bureaucracy collected taxes in the form of surplus crops and distributed the crops to the pharaoh, priests, or anyone that worked for the pharaoh. I. - Great Rulers During the New Kingdom two great rulers emerged: Ramses II and Hatshepsut. 1. Hatshepsut was the daughter of a pharaoh and the wife of another, but when her husband died their son was too young to rule so she took over. o Many did not want to bow to a woman so Hatshepsut performed all rituals as a _____man_____________. She even wore a false beard that was a symbol of the Pharaoh’s power. o Her rule was peaceful and prosperous as she built wealth and power through ____trade______________. 2. Ramses II ruled about 200 years after Hatshepsut, and what Hatshepsut did through trade Ramses did through _____war____________. o Ramses conquered Canaan and Syria in the Fertile Crescent and also attacked the ______persians_______________. Ramses lost and later made peace by agreeing on a border for the two civilizations. o During his reign he built more monuments than any other pharaoh. J. - Egyptian Society In Egyptian society the ____pharaoh______________ was at the top as a god-king Next were nobles, priests, officials. ______scribes____________ followed as they were the few who could read and write. Merchants and artisans took up the next slot as the middle class. ______farmer__________, servants, and slaves made up the lower class. Most people worked on the Pharaoh’s building projects willingly out of religious devotion. They believed that if they helped the god-king they would be rewarded after death. K. - Egyptian Religion Egyptians worshipped hundreds of gods usually associated with an _____animal_____________ because they embodied the animals abilities such as speed or strength. The most important was _______Amon-re__________, the sun god. It was believed that each night he died in the west and was reborn in the east as the sun rose. _____Osiris______________ was the god of the underworld. Osiris was killed by _____Seth___________ and chopped into pieces. Osiris’ wife, _______isis__________, found the pieces and brought her husband back to life. Egyptians look to Isis for protection in life and death. __________Horus____________, their son, battled Seth and won. He united the two lands of Egypt and as a result every pharaoh was thought to be Horus in human form. The power of the pharaoh in Egyptian society is embedded by this legend. - - - L. - As Osiris overcame death, Egyptians believed they could as well. The first way to prepare for the afterlife was to live a good life, and the second way was to have their bodies preserved. They believed the spirit would need to recognize their body and use it as a home. The poor were buried in the desert while wealthy Egyptians had their bodies made into _____mummies_________________. The Knowledge of ________mummification _________________ was one of ancient Egypt’s greatest achievements. Writing Ancient Egyptians developed a form of writing by 3200 B.C. known as ____hieroglyphs _________________. Hieroglyphics used symbols that represent a word or sound. Scribes were highly valued in society for their knowledge. Egyptians also invented ___papyrus_______________ for writing. Papyrus was much more convenient than the Sumerians way of pressing letters into wet clay. The word paper comes from papyrus. “________the book of the dead____________________” is one of the more famous texts as a it is a guide to the afterlife for dead souls. M. Architecture ___imhotep______________________ designed a new tomb with six stone mounds resulting in a step pyramid. Later architects made the sides smoother to create a true pyramid. Earlier tombs were usually underground. Most tombs contained items that the ruler might want in the afterlife. During the Old Kingdom three enormous pyramids were built at ___giza__________. The Great Pyramid was the tallest building in the world for nearly ______4000_____________ years. The ____sphinx ____________________ guarded the road to the pyramids. Scholars believe that they were built by hand and not built by slaves. By 2200 B.C. the Egyptians had stopped building pyramids and the pharaohs that followed carved massive tombs into the cliffs at the edge of the Nile Valley. N. Science and Mathematics Egyptians measured time by the cycles of the moon creating a lunar calendar year of _____354____ days. That made record keeping and planning difficult, so they developed a solar calendar with exactly ___365____________ days. The ______greeks_____________ later added leap years when they ruled Egypt in the 200’s B.C. In chemistry they created the earliest forms of glass, mortar for building, and cosmetics. Their knowledge of the human anatomy was greatly advanced from their mummification process. Define: Sargon, Hammurabi’s Code, Cyrus the Great, Darius the Great, Pharaoh, Dynasty, Hatshepsut, Ramses II, Papyrus, Hieroglyphics, Sumer, City-State Sargon- built first empire Hammurabis code- first written law code Cyrus the great- made first standing army Darius the great- made rode and currency system Pharaoh- god like king of Egypt Dynasty – family run government Hatshepsut first female ruler ever Rameses ii- hatshepsuts father Papyrus- writing system Hieroglyphics- egypts writing system Sumer – city state in Africa City state- ruler its area and nearby areas.