Download STANDARD 4a

STANDARD 4a
• Students know galaxies are
clusters of billions of stars and
may have different shapes
GALAXIES
Spiral Galaxy
• Spiral arms
contain gas, dust,
and many bright,
young stars
• Older stars are
found in the
bulge in the
center of the
galaxy
GALAXIES
• The Milky Way, our home galaxy, is
a spiral galaxy
GALAXIES
• Barred Spiral Galaxy
GALAXIES
Elliptical Galaxy
• Round shaped
• No spiral arms
• Relatively little
gas and dust
• Contains
mostly older
stars
GALAXIES
Irregular Galaxy
• No regular
shape
• Contains a
great amount of
gas, dust and
young stars
GALAXIES
146. The Milky Way is an example of
A
an elliptical galaxy
B
an irregular galaxy
C
a spiral galaxy
D
a quasar
ANSWER: C
GALAXIES
147. A typical galaxy may have ________
of stars
A
hundreds
B
thousands
C
millions
D
billions
ANSWER: D
GALAXIES
148. The galaxy pictured below would best
be classified as a(n)
A barred galaxy
B spiral galaxy
C irregular galaxy
D elliptical galaxy
ANSWER: B
STANDARD 4b
• Students know that the Sun is
one of many stars in the milky
Way galaxy and that stars may
differ in size, temperature, and
color
STARS
• Stars are the source of all light in
the universe
• Stars produce energy through
nuclear fusion, the combining of
hydrogen atoms to form helium
• The sun is an average size star
STARS
STARS
• Stars differ in many ways, including
temperature, color, size, composition,
and brightness
• The color and temperature are related
– Blue stars are hot and bright
– Yellow stars are of average temperature
and brightness
– Red stars are the coolest and the least
bright
STARS
•
Other types of stars include:
–
–
–
a. Blue giants – Massive blue stars that are
very bright and hot
b. Red giants – Massive red stars that are
very bright but cool
c. White dwarfs – very small stars that are
hot but very dim
STARS
• Every star begins its life as part of a
nebula, a cloud of dust and gas
• Gravity pulls the dust and gas
together to form a star at the center
• When the star becomes dense
enough, nuclear fusion begins and
the star lights up
STARS
• Eventually the star’s fuel runs out, then
– Medium stars expand to become red
giants, then shrink to become white dwarfs
– Massive stars explode in a super nova and
then end up as either a neutron star or a
black hole
STARS
STARS
• Hertzsprung-Russell diagram is used to
classify stars by surface temperature and
brightness.
• 90% of stars spend of their lives as mainsequence stars and form the center diagonal
on the H-R diagram
STARS
149. What color star has the highest
surface temperature?
A blue
B red
C white
D yellow
ANSWER: A
STARS
150. Why do stars and other large celestial
objects have a spherical shape?
A All objects become spherical when they
melt
B Atomic and molecular forces cause all
objects to become spherical
C Gravity attracts matter within these
objects toward a central point
D Multiple collisions cause these objects to
become rounded
ANSWER: C
STARS
151. Every star begins its life as a
A nebula
B white dwarf
C black hole
D pulsar
ANSWER: A
STARS
152. What determines whether a star
becomes a white dwarf or a supernova?
A its color
B its diameter
C its mass
D its temperature
ANSWER: C
STARS
153. According to the
diagram, which of the
following stars is the
coolest and dimmest
A
Zeta Eridani
B
Procyon
C
the sun
D
Barnard’s Star
ANSWER: D
STARS
154. Which of these stars is a main
sequence star?
A the sun
B Sirius B
C North Star
D Aldebaran
ANSWER: A
STANDARD 4c
• Students know how to use
astronomical units and light years
as measure of distance between
the Sun, stars, and Earth
MEASUREMENT IN SPACE
• Measure
distances in
the solar
system by
using the
astronomical
unit (AU).
• It is the
average
distance
between the
Earth and the
sun (93 million
MEASUREMENT IN SPACE
• The distances between stars is so
vast that we measure these distances
in light-years.
• Light-year is the distance light travels
in one year (9.5 x 1015 m), which is 9
trillion km or 6 trillion miles
MEASUREMENT IN SPACE
156. If an astronomer observes that an
object in the solar system is twice as far
from the sun as Earth is, how far would
that object be from the sun in
astronomical units?
A 1 AU
B 2 AU
C 3 AU
D 4 AU
ANSWER: B
MEASUREMENT IN SPACE
157. What is the approximate distance to
Saturn?
A 1 AU
B 1 light-year
C 10 AU
D 100 million meters
ANSWER: C
MEASUREMENT IN SPACE
159. The Milky Way is about 100,000
light-years wide. To cross the Milky
Way, light takes about
A 100 years
B 1,000 years
C 100,000 years
D 1,000,000 years
ANSWER: C
STANDARD 4d
• Students know that stars are the
source of light for all bright
objects in outer space and that
the Moon and planets shine by
reflected sunlight, not by their
own light
STARLIGHT
Stars: the source of all light in the UNIVERSE
The moon and planets shine at night from reflected
light, not from their own light. This light comes only
from the sun or other stars.
STARLIGHT
• Stars differ in brightness. A star’s
brightness depends on size and
temperature
• Large stars are brighter than small stars
and hot stars are brighter than cool
stars
• Absolute brightness is the brightness
the star would have if it were at a
standard distance from Earth
• Apparent brightness is the star’s
brightness as seen from Earth.
STARLIGHT
• The moon’s phases are the different
shapes of the moon as seen from Earth
• The moon’s phases demonstrate that
the moon reflects the sun’s light to Earth
• The phases depend on how much of the
sunlit side of the moon faces Earth
• A new moon occurs when the moon
moves between the sun and Earth.
The sunlit side of the moon faces away
from Earth
• A full moon occurs when the entire
sunlit side of the moon faces Earth
STARLIGHT
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STARLIGHT
• An eclipse is when an object in space
comes between the sun and another
object
• A solar eclipse occurs when the moon
moves directly between Earth and the
sun, blocking sunlight from reaching
parts of Earth’s surface. New moon
• A lunar eclipse occurs when Earth is
directly between the moon and the sun,
blocking sunlight from reaching the
moon. Full moon
STARLIGHT
STARLIGHT
160. What phase of the
moon would someone on
Earth see when the
moon is at position D?
A new moon
B first quarter
C full moon
D third quarter
ANSWER: C
STARLIGHT
161. On a clear night, a student notices that a
star in the constellation Orion is much
brighter than the star next to it. What
observation has the student made?
A the first star has a greater apparent
brightness
than the second star
B the first star is producing more light than
the
second star
C the first star has a greater absolute
brightness
than the second star
D the first star is farther along in its life cycle
than the second star
ANSWER: A
STARLIGHT
162. What produces light in a star?
A combustion
B fluorescent minerals
C nuclear fusion
D reflection of light from planets
ANSWER: C
STARLIGHT
163. For a solar eclipse to occur
A the sun must be directly between
Earth and the moon
B the moon must be directly between
Earth and the sun
C the moon must be directly behind the
Earth
D Earth must be directly between the
sun
and the moon
ANSWER: B
STARLIGHT
164. Four of Jupiter’s satellites (moons) can be
seen from Earth using a telescope. What
makes these satellites visible?
A Light emitted by the satellites
B light emitted by Earth and reflected by the
satellites
C light emitted by Jupiter and reflected by
the
satellites
D light emitted by the sun and reflected by
the
satellites
ANSWER: D
STANDARD 4e
• Students know the appearance,
general composition, relative
position and size, and motion of
objects in the solar system,
including planets, planetary
satellites, comets, and asteroids
SOLAR SYSTEM
• The solar system includes the sun,
the nine planets, and all of the other
objects orbiting the sun.
• Other objects in the solar system
include satellites (moons), asteroids,
meteors and comets
SOLAR SYSTEM
• The solar system formed from a cloud
of gas and dust, called a nebula, that
collapsed due to gravity.
SOLAR SYSTEM
• The inner planets (Mercury to Mars) are
small, dense, and rocky. Also called
terrestial planets
• The outer planets (Jupiter to Neptune)
are large, made mostly of gas, and do
not have solid surfaces. Also called the
gas giants.
• Pluto is similar to the composition of the
inner planets and is now considered a
dwarf planet
SOLAR SYSTEM
SOLAR SYSTEM
Relative Size of planets in our Solar System
Astronomy
OBJECTS IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM
My Very Energetic Mother Just Served Us Nine Pizzas
SUN
Asteroid Belt
SOLAR SYSTEM
• Comets are small
bodies of ice, rock
and dust loosely
packed together and
revolve around the
sun in large orbits.
• Originate either in
the Kuiper belt or
the Oort Cloud.
These are regions
that extend outside
the orbit of Neptune
SOLAR SYSTEM
• Asteroids are small,
rocky bodies in orbit
around the sun and
are located between
the orbits of Mars
and Jupiter.
• Astronomers believe
that asteroids are
leftover pieces of
the early solar
system that never
came together to
form a planet
SOLAR SYSTEM
• Meteoroid is a small,
rocky body that travels
through space, usually
created when comets or
asteroids break up into
smaller chunks
• Meteor is a bright streak
of light that results when
a meteoroid burns up in
Earth’s atmosphere
• Meteorite is a meteoroid
that reaches Earth’s
surface without burning
up completely
SOLAR SYSTEM
165. You can see the planets at night
because
A they produce their own light
B sunlight reflects from their surfaces
C nuclear fusion takes place in their
cores
D their surfaces are brighter than
those of
the stars
ANSWER: B
SOLAR SYSTEM
166. Which is the largest planet in the
solar system?
A Venus
B Jupiter
C Saturn
D Neptune
ANSWER: B
SOLAR SYSTEM
167. What are the four planets closest to
the sun called together?
A outer planets
B terrestrial planets
C solar system
D gas giants
ANSWER: B
SOLAR SYSTEM
168. Which planet has polar ice caps
containing frozen water and carbon
dioxide?
A Venus
B Jupiter
C Mars
D Neptune
ANSWER: C
SOLAR SYSTEM
169. Which is not a characteristic of all of
the gas giants?
A surrounded by rings
B many moons
C composed mainly of hydrogen and
helium
D rocky surfaces
ANSWER: D
SOLAR SYSTEM
171. Which object comes close to the Sun
but is also found far from the Sun in a
highly elliptical orbit?
A
planet
B
asteroid
C
comet
D
meteoroid
ANSWER: C
SOLAR SYSTEM
172. One complete revolution of Earth
around the sun takes about
A one rotation
B one season
C one year
D one eclipse
ANSWER: C
SOLAR SYSTEM
173. The asteroid belt is located
A between Earth and Mars
B between Mars and Jupiter
C between Jupiter and Saturn
D between Saturn and Uranus
ANSWER: B