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NON-CHORD TONES (NCT) OR NON- HARMONIC TONES (NHT) A non-chord tone, non-harmonic tone, or non-harmony note is a note in a piece of music which is not a part of the chord that is formed by the other notes sounding at the time. Non-chord tones are most often discussed in the context of music of the common practice period, but can be used in analysis of other types of tonal music as well. For example, if a piece of music is currently on a C Major chord, the notes CEG are members of that chord, while any other note played at that time is a nonchord tone. While such tones are most obvious in homophonic music, they can occur in contrapuntal music as well. A non-chord tone is a dissonance and is required to resolve to a chord tone in conventional ways. If the note fails to resolve until the next change of harmony, it may instead create a seventh chord or extended chord. While it is theoretically possible that for a three-note chord there are (in equal temperament) nine possible non-chord tones, non-chord tones are usually in the prevailing key. The following list is not exhaustive, but identifies the most common types of nonchord tones. Anticipation An anticipation occurs when a note is played before the chord to which the note belongs and resolves when the "anticipated" chord is reached: As the name would suggest, an Anticipation is a note that just couldn't wait for the next chord and sounds early. It is approached by either a step or a leap from a consonant note to the dissonance, then usually resolves by step. When resolved by a leap, it is often referred to as a free anticipation. Neighbor tone A neighbor tone or auxiliary note is a non-chord tone which is preceded by a chord tone directly above or below it and resolves to the same tone: In practice and analysis, neighboring tones are often differentiated depending upon whether or not they are lower or higher than the chord tones surrounding them. A neighboring tone that is a step higher than the surrounding chord tones is called an upper neighboring tone or an upper auxiliary note whereas a neighboring tone that is a step lower than the surrounding chord tones is a lower neighboring tone or lower auxiliary note. Neighbor tones are notes one scale degree above or below the primary tone and are used to provide rhythmic interest between common tones. Chromatic neighboring tones are frequently used because of the strong half-step resolution they possess. Passing tone Generally, a passing tone is considered to be a scale tone between two chord tones. However, it could also be a semitone between two scale tones that are a whole tone apart. And, in a strict classical sense, passing tones are meant to be on “weak” beats. Whatever the definitions, passing tones are an excellent means of connecting notes. A passing tone or passing note is the non-chord tone of a part which had started at one chord tone and moved up or down through one or more non-chord tones and resolved to another chord tone (possibly of another chord, often of the same chord). It can also be a non-chord note between two common tones (tones that are the same side by side): Passing tones allow smooth, scale-wise motion in tonal music by "filling-in" the space between two primary notes. These primary notes are usually a third apart, with the passing tone being the diatonic scale degree in between. However, other intervals may also have passing tones between them. Two or more passing tones might be used to smooth over a leap of a fourth, or a single, chromatic passing tone may be used to strengthen the movement of a major second. Passing tones are among the most common and frequently used NCTs. Suspension A suspension occurs when the harmony shifts from one chord to another, but one or more notes of the first chord are temporarily held over into the second in which they are non-chord tones before resolving to a chord tone: Suspensions may be further described using the number of the interval forming the suspension and its resolution; e.g. 4-3 suspension, 7-6 suspension, 9-8 suspension. Most suspensions resolve downwards; the example shown above, a 7-8 suspension, is a rare example of an upwards resolution (also called a retardation). Name 9-8 7-6 4-3 Suspended Tone 9th 7th 4th Resolution 8th 6th 3rd A suspension must be prepared with the same note (in the same voice) using a chord tone in the preceding chord; otherwise it is an appoggiatura. The notes are often tied, but this is optional. A suspension holds a consonant chord tone beyond the chord to which it belongs and into the next chord before "dropping" down a step to resolve. A Suspension has three parts: a preparation (the initial, consonant attack), a suspension (when the chord changes, but the suspended note doesn't), and a resolution when the suspension proceeds down to the consonant chord tone a second below.) When several suspensions occur in a row, they are referred to as a chain of suspensions . A suspended chord is an added tone chord with a "suspended" fourth or second as an added tone which doesn't resolve. Escape tone An escape tone or echappée is a movement by step in the opposite direction of the harmonic motion in that voice and is resolved by leap in the direction of harmonic motion: Escape tones "escape" from the harmony by step, then leap in the opposite direction to freedom in the next chord. In this manner, they are a type of reverse appoggiatura. Chromatic escape tones are rarely found due to the non-stepwise resolution. Appoggiatura are sometimes used to provide this function: An Appoggiatura has an effect similar to a suspension without a preparation. It is a NCT occurring on the beat (accented) and resolves down a step. It is not, however, held over from the previous note, but usually is approached by an upward leap. This expressive type of NCT is frequently found in music of the Romantic period, due to its powerful "yearning" to resolve. Pedal point Another form of non-chord tone is a pedal point or pedal tone or note, almost always the tonic or dominant, which is held through a series of chord changes. The pedal point is almost always in the lowest voice (the term originates from organ playing), but it may be in an upper voice; then it may be called an inverted pedal. It may also be between the upper and lower voices, in which case it is called an internal pedal. Retardation A Retardation is similar to a suspension except that the resolution is up a step, not down. It also has a preparation (the initial, consonant attack), a suspension (when the chord changes, but the suspended note doesn't), and a resolution when the suspension proceeds up a second to the consonant chord tone.) Unlike suspensions, retardations seldom occur one after another in a chain. Changing Tone A changing tone is two non-harmonic tones that moves away from the chord tone by step and leaps to a new non harmonic tone and returns to the chordal tone by step.