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The Five Kingdoms In 1969, Robert Whittaker of Cornell University proposed a classification system that was made up of 5 kingdoms Previous classification Scheme used to identify plants and animals did not include certain organisms such as bacteria (Monera) and mushrooms (Fungi). Whittaker’s 5 kingdom classification is bases on 2 principal criteria: 1. whether an organism is unicellular or multicellular 2. the type of nutrition that is practiced by the organism (such as photosynthesis, ingestion (eating), absorption). Whittaker’s 5 kingdom System: Taxonomy—is the study of a species’ similarities and difference for evolutionary purposes 1. Kingdom Monera—this kingdom contains a number of modern bacteria (eubacteria), cyanobacteria, and ancient bacteria (archaebacteria). All of these organisms are prokaryotes—which means that they are single-celled and lack distinct unicellular nuclei and membrane-bound organelles Bacteria are the most diverse and abundant organisms on Earth 2. Kingdom Protista—according to Whittaker system, the monerans evolved to give rise to members of this kingdom. Protistans include the protozoa, single-celled algae, and slime molds (all of which are eukaryotes) The cells of protistans have distinct nuclei and membrane-bound organelles, and most are unicellular Species in this kingdom are heterotrophic or photosynthetic Some (such as slime molds) share characteristics with plants, protozoa, and fungi Many of these organisms are producers (vs. consumers) in marine and freshwater environments, and some are parasitic protistans According to Whittaker system, the next 3 kingdoms arose from the protista 3. Kingdom Fungi—(mold and yeast) These organisms are eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and usually multicellular (unicellular yeasts being one exception) Most of these organisms are decomposers, but some are parasites that coexist with animals and plants 4. Kingdom Plant—Algae, Bryophytes, Vascular Plants All plants are eukaryotic and multicellular (except some algae), and are adapted for photosynthesis Almost the entire ecosphere depends on plants as the primary producers of oxygen 5. Kingdom Animal All animals are eukaryotic They are multicellular and heterotrophic Most move by muscular contraction and respond to stimuli with specialized nervous tissue Binomial Nomenclature—Genus species (Scientific name) KINGDOM—PHYLUM—CLASS—ORDER—FAMILY—GENUS—SPECIES (Kings Play Chess On Funny Green Squares)