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And its Structures – basic unit of living organisms (could not be studied until microscopes were invented, because they are so small. Cells Microscope – used to examine small objects 1. (Anton van Leeuwenhoek) first to see living cells as seen through a simple microscope. 2. (Robert Hooke) used a light microscope to study cork cells and he was the scientist to name the cell. Schleiden, Schwann and Virchow came up with the cell theory. (3 Ideas) 1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells. 2. 3. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function for organisms. All cells come from pre-existing cells (Cell division) 2 Basic Cell Types 1. Prokaryote – an organism with a cell that lacks internal structures (no nucleus) (most are singlecelled) 2. Eukaryote – organisms that have cells containing structures (organelles) Organelles – internal membrane bound structures in a eukaryotic cell Eukaryote or Prokaryote? How do you know? What is the main difference between the two cell types? i. The nucleus is the largest organelle that contains the cell’s DNA and manages the cell’s functions (control center) (contains the chromosomes) Cells must have boundaries a. b. Plasma membrane – (cell membrane) thin, porous, flexible boundary between the cell and its external environment (regulates what materials go into and out of the cell) Cell wall – inflexible structure that surrounds the plasma membrane (cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria have cell walls) ANIMAL CELLS HAVE NO CELL WALL Can you identify the cell nucleus? What component of the cell membrane keeps it from dissolving in the water that surrounds it on both sides? II. a. Organelles that control cell functions Chromatin – long tangled strands that found in the nucleus only during certain stages of cell division in eukaryotic cells b. Nucleolus – region within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that produces ribosomes c. Ribosomes – organelles involved in the production of proteins Where is the chromatin located in the cell to the far right, and in the middle cell? What structure is the arrow pointing to? Where are the ribosomes located in this micrograph? iii. a. Structures for assembly and transport of proteins Cytoplasm – clear fluid (Mostly water) inside the cell surrounding the nucleus and organelles b. Endoplasmic reticulum – (E.R.) folded, complex system of membranes forming a type of transport system in the cytoplasm 1. Rough ER – studded (covered) with ribosomes 2. Smooth ER – contains NO ribosomes IV. a. Structures for Protein production Golgi apparatus – membrane sacs that give off excretions of repackaged proteins The Golgi apparatus is often referred to the distribution and shipping department for the cell. Vacuoles and Storage v. a. Vacuole – membrane bound fluid filled space within the cytoplasm; temporarily stores food, enzymes, and waste Plant cells contain 1 large central vacuole Animal cells have small and multiple vacuoles within the cytoplasm In the plant cell the vacuole will be the largest organelle. vi. a. Lysosomes and Recycling Lysosomes – organelle containing enzymes that digest food particles, viruses, bacteria and worn out cell parts These organelles will be found in large numbers in the digestive tract and white blood cells Functions of the lysosomes vii. a. Energy Transformers Mitochondria – (powerhouse of the cell) organelle in which food molecules are broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP Found in both plant & animal cells Large numbers of mitochondria would be found in cells that require a high amount of energy Ex. Muscle cells Why are there folded membranes inside the mitochondria? To provide more surface area for reactions to occur. viii. a. b. c. Chloroplasts and Energy Chloroplasts –organelle found in green plants containing chlorophyll; site where light energy is converted into chemical energy through photosynthesis (found only in plant cells and algae) Chlorophyll – found in the inner membrane of chloroplasts, this green pigment gives leaves and stems of plants their green color Plastids – plant organelles that gives some fruit and flowers their color; also stores starch and lipids http://app.discoveryeducation.com/player/?assetGuid=4df7766c-b8ec-4d27-8b4ee4f67760b592&fromMyDe=0&isPrinterFriendly=0&provider=&isLessonFromHealth= 0&productcode=US&isAssigned=false&includeHeader=YES&homeworkGuid= Where in the plant itself would you find the majority of chloroplasts? In the leaves ix. a. Structures for Support Cytoskeleton – network of cytoplasm, provides support for organelles and is important in cell locomotion (moving) microtubules and microfilaments x. a. b. Structures for Movement Cilia – short, numerous, hair-like projections on a cell’s surface that are composed of microtubules; Cilia propel unicellular organisms and move fluids over the cell’s surface in multicellular organisms Flagella – long, thread-like structures composed of microtubules; propel cells and organisms by a whip- like motion Paramecium (Fresh water organism) Where in the human body would you find cells that are covered with cilia? Cells of the respiratory and digestive systems. Sperm cells Where in the human body would you find cells that use flagella for movement? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Know your vocabulary. Know your notes Study your diagrams (colored). (Know what the organelles look like.) What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Who discovered the cell? Know what each person contributed. What are the 3 parts to the cell theory? What is the function of every organelle that we have discussed? I-X in your notes 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. What is the difference between rough and smooth ER? What are the general differences between plant and animal cells? What type of cells (in the human body) would contain large numbers of lysosomes and mitochondria? Know the difference between cilia and flagella and be able to give examples of cells that use these two structures. What is the difference between the cell wall and cell membrane? Know their location. Cell Structure Quiz 1. This acts as a barrier between the outside environment and the inside environment of the cell. ___________________ 2. A _______________ is a cellular structure on which proteins are made. 3. A _______________ is an organelle that uses light energy to make sugar from carbon dioxide and water. 4. A long thread-like structure that rotates to quickly move an organism through its environment. ________________ 5. The fluid inside the cell. _________________ 6. A cell type that contains an nucleus and organelles. ________________ 7. An _______________ is a structure that carries out specific activities inside the cell. 8. The __________________ is a system of internal membranes that move proteins and other substances through the cell. 9. A cell type that does not contain a nucleus. ________________ 10. A __________________ uses energy from organic compounds to make ATP. chloroplast ribosome eukaryote endoplasmic reticulum cell membrane organelle flagella nucleus mitochondria prokaryote cytoplasm vesicle Cell Structure Quiz 11. Who is the person given credit for naming the cell? 12. Give at least 2 examples of cell types that HAVE a cell wall. 13. Name 2 of the 3 differences between plant and animal cells. 14. Explain the function of the cell membrane? 15. What organic molecule makes up the cell membrane that prevents it from dissolving in water? BONUS +5 What type of cell is shown below and give the names of the organelles labeled A, B and C in the diagram. B. A. C. CHAPTER 7 QUIZ 11. The cell membrane is made up of a double layer of ___________. This keeps the cell from dissolving in water. 12. Who is the person given credit for naming the cell? 13. What is the difference between the rough and smooth ER? 14. When is the only time that chromatin can be seen in the nucleus of a cell? 15. Give at least 2 examples of cell types that HAVE a cell wall. BONUS (+5) Give the names of the organelles labeled A, B and C in the diagram. B. A. C. CELL ORGANELLE QUIZ 1. This serves as a boundary between the inside of the cell and the outside of the cell. ________________ 2. This organelle holds the DNA of the cell and controls all cell functions._____________ 3. The organelle to the right is known as the “powerhouse of the cell. _________ 4. Chromatin – 5. What is the difference between the rough and smooth E.R.? 6. Ribosomes – 7. Cell Wall – 8. Where is the nucleolus located? 9. This fluid inside the cell is mostly water and helps give the cell shape. _________________ 10. In what type of cell would you find large number of lysosomes? Cell membrane Cytoplasm Mitochondria Lysosomes Nucleus A secondary boundary that is only found in plant, bacterial and fungal cells A system of folded membranes that help to move proteins throughout the cell Long thin strands of DNA that are unseen in the nucleus except during cell division Location of protein production (Where proteins are made) A. H. E. I. B. F. J. G. D. C. Plant vs. Animal Cell Lab DIRECTIONS Use the flat side of the tooth pick to scrape the inside of your cheek. The more you scrape the more cells will be removed. • Rub the toothpick on to the middle of the slide, transferring the cells from the toothpick. • Use 1 drop of methylene blue to cover the cells. • Gently place the cover slip on top of the dye and cells. This will reduce the number of air bubbles on the slide. View what you have prepared. ANALYSIS 1. Draw an example of the plant and animal cell that you see from high power. 2. Label the following on each cell if applicable. (cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuole, nucleolus) 3. What are the 3 main differences between plant and animal cells? 4. If the onion is a plant, explain why you do not see a chloroplast. 5. If the cells were placed next to each other, how would you determine which is animal and which is plant? 6. Is the cheek (animal) cell prokaryote or eukaryote? How do you know? 7. List two organelles that were NOT visible but should have been in the cheek cell. 8. Why are the dyes important to this lab? 9. Cheek cells do not move on their own, so you will not find two organelles that function for cell movement. Name these organelles. 10. Keeping in mind that the mouth is the first site of chemical digestion in a human, what organelle do you think would be numerous inside the cells of your mouth? •