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Chapter 16
New Birth of Freedom,
1862-1865
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Slavery and the Civil War
 Administration initially did not make slavery an issue in the war
 Many Northerners, though, wanted abolition of slavery as a goal

Rob Confederacy of advantage of slave labor
 Military designation of slaves as “Contraband of War” in Spring
of 1861

Legislation authorizing seizure of all enemy property in late summer
 Increasing wrangling over emancipation as Union goal
 Lincoln decision to issue an emancipation proclamation came in
summer of 1862

Had to wait for favorable military situation
Military Situation in 1862
 Union increased calls for volunteers and cracked
down on dissent


Coming closer to a national draft
Fostered criticism from Copperheads
 Confederates launched campaign in Maryland in fall
of 1862

Culminated in Battle of Antietam (Sharpsburg)



Doomed Confederate hopes of British and French recognition
Hurt Northern Democrats in midterm elections
Led to Emancipation Proclamation
– Means toward end of saving the Union
– Made Union soldiers an army of liberation
Lee’s Invasion of Maryland, 1861 and Battle
of Antietam, September 17,1862
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Rising Discontent in Late 1862Early 1863
 Military situation causing concern in North

Shuffling top military posts
 Defeats at Fredericksburg and Vicksburg
 Copperheads found ready audience for their criticism

Increased calls for ending the war and seeking peace
 Had powerful effect on Northern morale
 Economic conditions in South deteriorating

Spurred hoarding, food riots, looting
 Draft resulted in tensions in both South and North

Confederacy instituted draft in October 1862


Opposition to Twenty Negro Law
Union began conscription in March 1863

Commutation fees caused resentment among power men
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Wartime Inflation
in the
Confederacy and
the Union
Civil War as Laying Groundwork
for Modern America
 Important legislative measures in 37th Congress
 Homestead Act
 Morrill Land-Grant College Act
 Pacific Railroad Act
 War effected changes for American women
 Assumed new burdens in civilian society
 Most visible role was in medicine


United States sanitary Commission
Participation gave impetus to campaign for women suffrage
The Tide of Battle during 1863
 Confederates flush with victory after Chancellorsville in May

Bruised Northern morale
 Convinced Southern leaders they could successfully invade the
North
 Battle of Gettysburg, July 1863

Southern effort to seize Northern territory
 Greatest battle in American history
 Great Northern victory
 Other Union victories in Mississippi, Louisiana, Tennessee


Vicksburg captured July 1863
Chattanooga and Chickamauga in late summer
Battle of Chancellorsville, May 2-6, 1863
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Battle of
Gettysburg July
1-3, 1863
Vicksburg Campaign, April-July 1863
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Road to Chickamauga, June-September 1863
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Role of Blacks in the Military
 Emancipation Proclamation met mixed reaction in
North
 Proclamation prompted widespread black enlistment
in the military

Black soldiers on whole served with courage and distinction
 Contribution of some blacks contrasted with white
rioting in Northern cities
Changing Fortunes Throughout 1864
 Rising opposition to the administration of Jefferson Davis in the
South
 Military weakness forced Confederate reliance on war of attrition

Might thereby defeat Northern will to fight by dragging out war
 Frenzied fighting in Virginia in spring of 1864

Huge casualties on both sides
 Fighting finally reached point of stalemate

Resulted in public frustration in the North
 Stalemate seemed to settle in by the late summer in Atlanta as
well
 Calls for peace in the North
Changing Fortunes Throughout
1864 (cont.)



War of attrition took its toll on civilian morale
Abortive schemes for peace throughout
Threatened Lincoln’s chances for reelection
 Controversy over prisoners of War

Northern outrage over Southern policy of murdering captured
blacks soldiers and refusing to include them in prisoner exchanges
 Southern economic problems resulted in poor treatment of Northern
prisoners
 Confederate decision in March 1865 to recruit slaves for the
military

Act of desperation
 Generated significant opposition in South
 War ended before any black regiments could be organized
The War Reaches Its Final Stages
 Important Northern victories

Fall of Atlanta, autumn of 1864
 Shenandoah Valley campaign
 Helped to push Lincoln to reelection
 Sherman’s march to the sea


From Atlanta to Savannah
Brought the war to the confederate civilians like never before
 Campaign northward to the Carolinas and Virginia

Squeeze tactic worked as planned
 Lee’s surrender at Appomattox in April 1865 essentially ended
war

Peace terms were generous
 Abraham Lincoln assassinated just a week later
 All remaining Confederate resistance had surrendered by June
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Campaign for Atlanta, May-September 1864
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