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Cloning of Mammals
Lydia Ruiz and Brianna Prashad
What is Cloning?
• Cloning – the process of making exact, genetic
copies of an original, biological unit (DNA
sequence, cell, or organism
Steps of Animal Cloning
1. Removal of mature somatic cell from donor
2. Cell’s donor DNA is added to an egg cell without
its DNA (nucleus)
3. Egg cell can receive somatic cell’s DNA or fuse
together with the somatic donor cell to make an
embryo
4. Embryo implanted to womb of surrogate mother
5. Baby is genetically identical to mammary cell
donor (clone)
Cloning Process for Mammals
History of Cloning
• James Watson and Francis Crick
– double helix structure of DNA (1958)
– Research of molecular heredity
– Increase of studies in biotechnology
• Hans Spemann
– Somatic cell nuclear transfer in salamanders
(1928)
• Robert Briggs and Thomas King
– First successful nuclear transfer in tadpoles (1952)
History of Cloning cont.
• J. Derek Bromhall
– First mammalian embryo
(rabbit) from nuclear
transfer (1975)
• Steen Willadsen
– First mammal (sheep)
from nuclear transfer
(1984)
• Roslin Institute
– Birth of Dolly (first
mammal created from
somatic cell nuclear
transfer
Current Uses
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cloning animal models for disease
Cloning to make stem cells
Reproducing decease animals/pets
Cloning livestock
Cloning endangered species
Drug production
Bioethics, Laws, and Society
• Cloning can cause:
– Pain
– Distress
– Severe cases (sometimes to death)
• Clones can suffer from:
– Tumors
– Abnormal growth patterns
• Cloning can result in:
– High errors (multiple trials)
• Ex: Dolly (277 attempts)
• Human cloning laws
Pros and Cons of Cloning
Pros
• Pros:
– Medical benefits
– Drug Production
– Biodiversity
– Biomedical research
– Treatment from
human disease
Cons
• “Against nature”
• Possible defects
• Possible death
• Errors
Case Study
• UK owners clone dead dog
– Two cloned puppies by Sooam Biotech Research
Foundation (South Korea)
• Sent their dog Dylan’s cells to be cloned
• 1st time that institute took dead dog cells and created
two successful embryos from deceased animal
• Process
– Implanted dead dog DNA into dog egg without nucleus
– Egg given electric shock to trigger cell division
– Egg implanted into surrogate mother who gives birth
Bibliography
• http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Cloning
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whatiscl
oning/
• http://www.slideshare.net/caecayey/biotecnologa27337167
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/clonezon
e/
• http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his135/events/doll
y96/dolly_module.html
• http://sintichscience.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/4/7/2247
9874/1_ch20_dna_technology.pdf
Bibliography
• https://www.genome.gov/25020028
• http://www.livescience.com/32295-how-does-cloningwork.html
• http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/cloning/whyclo
ne/
• http://www.manataka.org/page1033.html
• http://www.bioethics.org.au/Resources/Resource%20T
opics/Cloning.html
• https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/dec/23/u
k-couple-await-birth-of-two-clones-of-dead-dog