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The Atmosphere Chapter 5 Green Book Science Starter • What is the most common gas in the atmosphere? Composition of the Atmosphere Nitrogen, 78% Oxygen, 21% Other, 1% Layers of the Atmosphere • The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the planet and makes conditions on Earth suitable for living things. Characteristics of the Atmosphere • Atmosphere – A mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon • Air pressure – The measure of the force with which air molecules push on a surface Someone read page 136 “The composition of the Atmosphere” • Does air contain anything other than gases? Describe the three physical states of water in the atmosphere. • Water- can be liquid (rain) • Solid- (snow or ice, even dust) • Gas- water vapor Layers of the Atmosphere • Earth’s atmosphere is divided into several different layers extending from Earth’s surface outward. • Sphere-ball ( each layer surrounds the earth like a hollow ball) • Tropo-turning or change ( layer were gases turn and mix) • Strato- layer (gases are layered and do not mix very much) • Meso-middle ( middle layer) • Thermo- heat (temperatures are the highest) Earth Layers of the Atmosphere • The troposphere is where all the weather occurs. • It is the closest layer to Earth’s surface. • It is the layer we live in. • Lowest layer Troposphere • “turning, changing” layer • Almost all Earth’s H2O vapor, clouds, air pollution, weather, life-forms • As altitude ↑ the temperature ↓ Layers of the Atmosphere • The stratosphere is located directly above the troposphere. • This is where the ozone layer is. • The air is very thin and contain little moisture • Protects life on earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation. Stratosphere • “layer” • Home of the ozone layer • As altitude ↑ temperature ↑ b/c ozone absorbs heat energy from sun, (therefore heating up the surrounding area) • Ozone layer protects life on Earth by absorbing UV light Layers of the Atmosphere • The next layer up is the mesosphere • Known as the middle layer. • The coldest layer • Temperature decreases as altitude increases (same as troposphere) Mesosphere • “middle” • Coldest layer • As altitude ↑ temperature ↓ Layers of the Atmosphere • Next, Thermosphere uppermost layer in which temperature increases as altitude increases. • Uppermost atmospheric layer • Look at figure 6 Thermosphere • “heat” • As altitude ↑ temperature ↑ • Ionosphere is here (Read pg 141) • International Space Station orbits in this layer Layers of the Atmosphere Space Ionosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere (Ozone Layer) Troposphere (Weather, Life) Earth’s Surface stop here Atmospheric Gases Nitrogen & Oxygen • These are the two most common gases found in the atmosphere. • They can be found throughout all the layers. • Why do you think we need nitrogen and oxygen? • Figure 1 Atmospheric Gases Ozone • Ozone is a form of oxygen • It is only found in the stratosphere Atmospheric Gases Water Vapor & Carbon Dioxide (CO2) • These are important gases for weather conditions. • They are found in the troposphere where weather occurs. Atmospheric Gases Trace Gases • These gases are unimportant and found in small amounts throughout the layers of the atmosphere. Atmospheric Temperatures Differences in temperature are what separate each layer in the atmosphere from the one above and/or below it. Atmospheric Temperatures In the troposphere: • As altitude increases, temperature decreases Altitude Temperature Atmospheric Temperatures In the stratosphere: • The stratosphere is cold except in its upper region where ozone is located. Altitude Temperature Ozone Layer Atmospheric Temperatures In the Mesosphere: • This is the COLDEST layer in the atmosphere. Altitude Temperature Atmospheric Temperatures In the thermosphere: • Even though the air is thin in the thermosphere, it is very HOT. Altitude Temperature Atmospheric Temperatures Beyond the thermosphere is the ionosphere which leads into outer space where it is very cold, because there is little to no atmosphere to absorb the Sun’s heat energy. Altitude Temperature Atmospheric Temperatures Temperature Outer Space Ionosphere Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere Earth’s Surface Altitude Atmospheric Pressure • Air pressure is the force exerted by the gases pushing on an object. • Air pressure is greatest near the surface of the Earth in the troposphere. Altitude Air Pressure Solar Energy • Energy from the Sun is known as Solar Energy. • Solar energy is the energy source for heating Earth, and circulation in Earth’s atmosphere. Solar Energy • Some of the Sun’s energy coming through Earth’s atmosphere is reflected by gases and/or clouds in the atmosphere. Solar Energy • The land heats up and releases its heat fairly quickly. • Water needs to absorb lots of solar energy to warm up. • It is the water on Earth that helps to regulate the temperature range of Earth’s atmosphere. Solar Energy • Solar energy that is absorbed by Earth’s land and water surfaces is changed to heat that moves/radiates back into the atmosphere (troposphere) where the heat cannot be transmitted through the atmosphere so it is trapped, a process known as the greenhouse effect.