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The Atmosphere Section 1: Characteristics of the Atmosphere I. II. Layers of the Atmosphere A. Almost all weather occurs in the troposphere Troposphere B. The troposphere gets cooler with increasing altitude C. Colder air can become trapped beneath warm air Temperature inversion D. The stratosphere gets warmer with increasing altitude Stratosphere Ozone E. The mesosphere and thermosphere exhibit extremes of temperature Mesosphere Thermosphere F. The Ionosphere is used in radio communication G. The ionosphere is where auroras take place Changes in Earth’s Atmosphere A. Photosynthetic plants contribute oxygen to the atmosphere B. Animals produce carbon dioxide necessary for photosynthesis C. Man-made chemicals can deplete the ozone layer D. The greenhouse effect keeps Earth warm Greenhouse effect E. Increased levels of carbon dioxide may lead to global warming Section 2: Water and Wind I. The Water Cycle Water cycle A. Evaporated water vapor condenses to form precipitation Transpiration Precipitation II. III. B. Air contains varying quantities of water vapor Humidity C. Warmer temperatures evaporate more water D. Water vapor becomes liquid at dew point Dew point E. Clouds form as warm, moist air rises F. Cloud names describe their shape and altitude G. Cloud names reflect combined characteristics Air Pressure Barometric pressure A. Barometers measure air pressure Wind A. Differences in pressure create winds B. Earth’s rotation effects the direction of winds Coriolis effect C. Predictable air circulation forms wind patterns D. Global wind patterns form circulation cells Section 3: Weather and Climate I. II. Air masses Fronts and Severe Weather Front A. There are three types of fronts B. Lighting is a discharge of atmospheric electrical energy C. Tornados are funnels of high-speed wind D. Hurricanes are large storm systems Climate Climate A. Temperatures tend to be higher close to the equator B. Earth’s tilt and rotation account for our seasons C. Earth’s surface features affect climate Topography D. Global climate changes over time