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The Rise of the Atlantic World, 1400-1625 Chapter 2 United States History 121 Mrs. Mary Stanley West Africa: Tradition and Change Major role in long-distance trade Market economy • Empire of Mali leading power in west central Africa Exported gold and slaves Imported brass, copper, cloth, spices, manufactured goods, and horses Mutual obligation to kin Alliances through marriage Islam and animism were the main religions European Culture and Society Renaissance – Rebirth of classical Greek and Roman culture - a time of artistic achievement but also of political and economic tensions. Order was shaky • Peasants, who comprised about 75 percent of the population, paid taxes, rents, and other dues to landlords and to the Church Manufacturing took place in household workshops, and artisans and merchants formed guilds to control employment, prices, and the sale of goods “Little Ice Age” • Move to towns and cities Rapid population growth Prices rose and wages fell Looked for colonies • Joint-stock company Nuclear family common, male domination Religious Upheavals Roman Catholic domination of western and central Europe Islam conquers Christian strongholds in SE Europe (Ottomans) Catholic “reconquest” of Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) • Removal of Muslim leaders and Jews that would not convert Europe was largely Christian, dominated by the power of the Catholic Church. Charges of materialism and corruption led to the Protestant Reformation The Protestant Reformation quickly spawned differing groups of Protestants, and the Catholic Counter-Reformation Protestantism emphasized the ability to read God’s word, it encouraged basic education as well as religious indoctrination. Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther (1517) • John Calvin-predestination Catholic or Counter-Reformation The Reformation in England King Henry VIII wants annulment of his marriage because no male children have been born. Pope refuses Henry breaks from Catholic Church Forms Church of England (Anglican) King Henry VIII becomes the head of the Church of England Edward VI, “Bloody Mary,” and Elizabeth I all continue to practice the Anglican faith Although there is more flexibility under Elizabeth I “Puritans” wanted pure form of Christianity, without “popish abuses” MAP 2.2 MAJOR RELIGIONS IN EUROPE, CA. 1560 By 1560, some European lands were solidly Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinist. Others remained bitterly divided for another century or more. Europe and the Atlantic World, 1400–1600 Portugal and the Atlantic/State Exploration Seeking commercial opportunities, Portugal had by 1488 opened trade in gold and slaves along the African coast and reached the Cape of Good Hope Prince Henry the Navigator • Made Portugal major sponsor • Near Atlantic and coast of Africa Vasco da Gama • Rounded Cape of Good Hope • Trade route to India Portuguese colonies The “New Slavery” and Racism Long trade with Muslims from Middle East and North Africa Portuguese enter slave trade on Gold Coast Debtors or captured people • African leaders enriched • “New slavery” Magnitude (12 million by end of 19th century) Based on race Europeans captured people during conflicts with North African Muslims. European traders conducted slave raids and kidnappings. The Portuguese began the slave trade, but by the 1600s the English, French, and Dutch were heavily involved, too. To the Americas and Beyond, 1492-1522 Spanish • Late to start exploration • Willing to take risk proposed by Columbus American continent an obstacle Vasco de Balboa • Isthmus of Panama Ferdinand Magellan • Circumnavigation of the world Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy, in 1451. His father was a merchant. His mother was the daughter of a wool weaver. After spending some time as a mapmaker and a trader, he traveled to Portugal for navigator training. He honed his navigational skills on journeys to Iceland, Ireland, and West Africa. He was highly religious and believed that God had given him a heroic mission: to seek a westward sea route to the “Indies,” meaning China, India, and other Asian lands. A Daring Expedition In 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain granted Columbus the title of noble and agreed to sponsor his journey. Spanish nobles and clergy wanted his mission to succeed for several reasons: • The people of any new non-Christian lands would be ripe for conversion to Catholicism. • Wealthy merchants and royalty wanted a direct trade route that bypassed the existing Muslim-controlled routes. • An easier western route to Asia would give Spanish traders an advantage over Portuguese traders. In 1492, Columbus set off with three ships, the Niña, Pinta, and Santa María. He had underestimated the distance of his journey. Two months after setting sail, he and his crew landed in the Bahamas, instead of Asia. A Daring Expedition The Native Americans welcomed Columbus. Columbus traveled to other islands. Columbus returned to Spain and was awarded the governorship of the present-day island of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Hatie) in the Caribbean. Columbus made four more trips to the Americas. Spanish settlers complained about his governing of Hispaniola, Columbus lost his position. He died in 1506, never accepting that he had discovered a new continent. Treaty of Tordesillas With Columbus voyages both Spain and Portugal sent exploration voyages to the newly discovered land The Catholic Church stepped in and divided all undiscovered land 1494 Separated Portuguese And Spanish areas English Explorers John Cabot • Cabot, an Italian, was the first known explorer sailing for the English to cross the Atlantic. • In 1497 King Henry VII of England sent John Cabot, an Italian navigator, on an exploration voyage. • Cabot landed in Newfoundland and claimed it for England. He thought he was in Asia. • Sebastian Cabot, John’s son, launched a voyage looking for a Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean, creating a shorter sea route to Asia Sir Martin Frobisher Frobisher sailed three voyages across the Atlantic in the late 1500s, in search of a trade route to Asia that went past or through the continent of North America — the Northwest Passage. English Explorers John Davis Davis also made three voyages in search of the Northwest Passage. Henry Hudson Thinking he found the Northwest Passage, Hudson sailed 150 miles up a river in New York (now the Hudson River) before he realized it was not the route he had hoped for. Sir Francis Drake Drake was the first English captain to sail around the world. Drake was an English privateer who, under the direction of Queen Elizabeth I, raided Spanish treasure ships and cities in the Americas. The Conquistadores – They are soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain and Portugal in the 15th to 16th centuries, following Europe's discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492. Hernando Cortes • Conquered Aztecs Francisco Pizarro • Conquered Incan Empire Hernando de Soto • Expeditions through Florida • Mississippi River Francisco Coronado • Search for Gold • New Mexico Brutality and Greed Create Spanish empire in the New World CONQUISTADORS Conquistadores = "conquerors“ • Hernando Cortes: conquered the Aztecs at Tenochtitlan Cortez went from Cuba to present day Vera Cruz, then marched over mountains to the Aztec capital Used the Native Americans hatred for the Aztecs against them Aztec king, thought Cortez might be the god Quetzalcoatl who was due to re-appear the very year Montezuma welcomed Cortez into Tenochtitlan The Spanish lust for gold led Montezuma to attack on the noche triste, sad night (June 30, 1520) Cortez and men fought their way out, but it was smallpox that eventually beat the Indians The Spanish then destroyed Tenochtitlan, building the Spanish capital (Mexico City) exactly on top of the Aztec city Enters Florida, travels up into present day Southeastern U.S., dies and is "buried“ in Mississippi River – 1540 - 1542 CONQUISTADORS • Francisco Pizarro: conquers Incan Empire of Peru and begins shipping tons of gold/silver back to Spain – 1532 • Francisco Coronado: ventured into current Southwest U.S. looking for legendary El Dorado, city of gold, found the Pueblo Indians - 1542 TRANSATLANTIC EXPLORATIONS, 1000–1542 Following Columbus’s 1492 voyage, Spain’s rivals began laying claim to parts of the New World based on the voyages of Cabot for England, Cabral for Portugal, and Verrazano for France. The Columbian Exchange With Exploration an exchange between the new world and the old world emerged Europe.. • Disease-mostly • Horses, cattle, sheep, swine, chickens, wheat, coffee, weeds, insects, rodents From the new world… • Corn, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, pumpkins, peanuts, cacao, avocados, pineapples, chilies, tobacco, turkeys Huge Environmental impact because of different views of the land Mixing of peoples (mestizos, métis) Wealth to Spain-squandered Columbian Exchange Footholds in North America, 1512-1625 Spanish America Ordinances of Discovery-banned brutal military conquests Gold and silver-10 x rest of world • Spain wealthiest nation in the world Agriculture • Build economy in New World • Exchange of crops proved more important than gold and silver Religious motivation-spreading Catholicism • Missions and presidios Northern Outposts • St. Augustine-first permanent European settlement in present-day US • Santa Fe France: Colonizing Canada Most formidable rival to English in 16th century New France at Quebec (1608) • • • • • • Samuel de Champlain First permanent settlement Slow growth Catholics did not want to leave France Protestants excluded Conflict with natives (Mohawks) Fur trade-alliance with Hurons • Opened up French presence • Agricultural • Military presence England and the Atlantic World, 1558-1603 Conflict with Spain • Aided Dutch Calvinists and privateers Conflict in Ireland • Settlement in Ulster-“plantations” • Separate from natives Goals for England • Find northwest passage • Raid Spanish fleets English colony on Roanoke Island • Sir Walter Raleigh • Failed-CROATOAN • Lost colony An English Interest in Colonization There were several reasons why England decided it should establish a colony in the Americas: • (1) Privateers wanted a base in the Americas from which they could attack Spanish ships and cities. They wanted to have supply stations set up in North America for trading ships when the Northwest Passage was finally found. • (2) English merchants wanted new markets. • (3) The Americas would be a good place to send those who could not find housing or work in England. Failure and Success in Virginia, 1603-1625 Competing Virginia Companies receive charters Jamestown (1607) • Starving time • Breakdown of discipline • Help from Powhatan • Pocahontas • John Smith takes over • Military rule and discipline Tobacco becomes VA’s salvation The Jamestown Colony The company, the Virginia Company, sent 100 colonists to Virginia in 1607. They named their new village Jamestown, in honor of King James I. The colony nearly failed, due to conflict with Native Americans • unrealistic expectations of settlers not used to doing hard work • poor location— near a swamp with diseasecarrying mosquitoes • starvation • poor leadership Growing tobacco finally made Jamestown profitable. John Rolfe was the first settler to grow tobacco. Jamestown-early years Indentured Servants Labor shortage “head right” system Typically 4-7 years Governing the Colony The Virginia Company formed America’s first legislature, the House of Burgesses. Members were white male landowners. This group had the power to raise taxes and make laws. In 1609, the Virginia Company received a new charter that allowed them to appoint a governor who would live in the colony. When the Virginia Company was unable to turn a steady profit, King James took away its charter. In 1624, Virginia become a royal colony, with a governor appointed by the king. In 1619, Virginia gained a legislative, or lawmaking assembly, made up of representatives from the colony. This assembly was called the House of Burgesses. This legislature was the first example of limited self-government in the English colonies. New England Begins, 1614-1625 Separatists leave England-1608 • To Holland Tried to maintain English culture Worried about assimilation Permission to settle in Virginia • Spread “the gospel of the Kingdom of Christ in those remote parts of the world” • Left Plymouth, • England in September 1620 • 35 “saints” and 67 “strangers” aboard Mayflower Plymouth on Cape Cod Outside London Company territory Mayflower Compact The New England Colonies Plymouth Plantation Cleared area, former Indian village • Native population weakened by disease before Pilgrims arrived • Half of colonists dies in first winter Pilgrims less hostile than in Virginia • Assistance from natives-Squanto Tried living communally • Failed, switched to private ownership • Bought out backers, never wealthy Plymouth Colony In England, in 1534, King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church to found a Protestant church. The English who complained that this new church continued too many Catholic practices were called Puritans, because they wanted a “purer” kind of church. Some Puritans started separate churches of their own and were called Separatists. Both Puritans and Separatists were persecuted (attacked) because of their beliefs. One group of Separatists, those who came to be called the Pilgrims, sailed to New England on the Mayflower. Led by William Bradford, 35 Separatists joined 66 others on the Mayflower in 1620. They sought the freedom to worship as they wanted. The Pilgrims made an agreement, the Mayflower Compact, that they would obey all of their government’s laws. This belief in self-government would later become one of the founding principles of the United States. Founded Plymouth Colony south of present-day Boston Colony never grew very large New England Begins, 1614-1625 Natives devastated by disease from traders and fishermen Separatist Puritans sail on Mayflower • Plymouth colony established (1620) • Outside boundaries Squanto and Samoset assist Tried living communally Failed, switched to private ownership Bought out backers, never wealthy English Settlements Plantations • Developed in Ireland • Large farms • Separate from natives Virginia • Roanoke Island (1587) Sir Walter Raleigh • Jamestown (1607) First lasting settlement A “New Netherland” in North America Henry Hudson-1609 • Sailed up Hudson River Dutch West India Company • Trade • Hudson, Delaware, and Connecticut Rivers • Encouraged settlement Families New Netherland-colony New Amsterdam-settlement on Manhattan Island Alliance with Iroquois