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IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System 2.2.1: Composition of Blood 2.2.2: Composition of Blood - Match the statements: Red blood cells are called….. The main function of red blood cells In the red blood cells haemoglobin helps…. White blood cells protects the body… White blood cells are also called…. White blood cells are produced… The platelets job is to… Platelets are smaller parts… Plasma is 90%water and makes up… Plasma contains plasma proteins that help… ...55% of the volume of blood …is to transport oxygen … by going to the source of infection. …the transportation of oxygen to the working muscles. …erythrocytes …in both the long bones and the lymph tissues of the body. Leukocytes. …to clot the blood. …the circulation between cells and tissues …of larger cells. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Section 2 Blood Flow Song: Go to the following link and write out the lyrics for the song. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIXcWE0bTwY IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System 2.2.3 Describe the Anatomy of the heart Using the terms at the bottom of the page, label the diagram. Once you have finished, match each one to its correct definition. Aorta Pulmonary veins Pump deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs Prevent blood from flowing back into the heart Vena cavae Transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart Pulmonary artery Bicuspid valve Tricuspid valve Prevent blood flowing back from the ventricles into the atria Transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the body Right atrium Right ventricle Pump oxygenated blood from the lungs to the body Left atrium Left ventricle Transport deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart Semilunar valves Transports deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System 2.2.5 Outline the relationship between pulmonary and systemic circulation Answer Describe in detail (13 steps) a pumping cycle starting with blood, low on oxygen coming from the upper part of the body and finishing with the oxygen rich blood going into the aorta. Step 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1. Blood- low on oxygen- flows towards the right atrium via the Vena Cava inferior and superior. 2. The tricuspid valve opens and blood is pumped into right ventricle of your heart. 3. Right Ventricle contracts and blood passes the pulmonary valve and enters the pulmonary artery. 4. Blood goes to your lung and becomes oxygen rich. 5. The L atrium contracts and blood goes to the L ventricle through the mitral valve. 6. The L ventricle contracts and the aortic valve opens. 7. The aortic valve quickly closes (prevent blood from going back). 8. The right atrium fills with blood and when full contracts. 9. When the R ventricle is full of blood the tricuspid valve closes (prevent blood flowing back into R atrium). 10. The pulmonary valve closes to prevent blood from going back into R ventricle. 11. This oxygen rich blood returns from lungs through pulmonary veins and fills your L atrium. 12. The mitral valve closes when the L ventricle is full of blood. 13. Oxygen rich blood is pumped into the aorta. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System 2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of heart rate and the sequence of excitation of the heart muscle. Define Key Word Definition Myocyte Sino-atrial node Atrio-ventricular mode Action Potential Purinje fibres (Bundle of His) Myocardial contraction Autonomic nervous system Annotate and Explain the stages below 2.2.4 Describe the intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of heart rate and the sequence of excitation of the heart muscle. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System List the 5 steps below of intrinsic and extrinsic regulation of heart rate and the sequence of excitation of the heart muscle. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Past Paper Question 1. How is breathing rate regulated by the body to meet the increasing demands of exercise during a game of netball? Answer IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System 2.2.6 Describe the relationship between heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume at rest and during exercise Cardiac Output: Define the following key terms. Term Definition (including formula) Unit Symb ol Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Cardiac output Stroke volume Individual Activity Show your working to calculate your personal cardiac output in the space below IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Changes to Cardiac Output during Exercise Individual Activity – Types of Exercise Choose the correct words from the word bank below. There are more words than required. Sub-maximal exercise is the average method of working out; you are not working at your physiological __________. Heart rate is measured in __________ and relates to sub-maximal exercise in that when you are exercising, your measured heart rate is not as _____________ as it could be. When you reach your maximum amount of work that you are physiologically capable of performing, your heart rate will __________. Heart rate should respond in a ________ fashion to physical activity; however, other factors such as your medical history and level of fitness may play a role. __________ exercise should __________ the heart rate, but not bring it to its maximum. Word Bank Maximum increase beats per minute slow fast decrease plateau Linear IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System 2.2.6 Describe the relationship between heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume at rest and during exercise Stroke Volume Fill in the following sentences: _____________increase during exercise- why? At a ________rate to the speed/ intensity of the exercise (up to about ____________of maximal intensity). Once 40-60% of maximum intensity is reached stroke volume reaches a _________. Therefore stroke volume reaches it’s _________during _________exercise. Stroke Volume Plateau Linear Maximal 40-60% sub-maximal IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System What causes stroke volume (and therefore Q) to increase? More blood is being returned to the heart – this is called ____________. ______________; (End Diastolic Volume- EDV; the volume of blood in the right and/or left ventricle at end load. Increased __________________occurs, this increases the pressure and stretches the walls of the ventricles, which means that a more forceful contraction is produced. This is known as ______________ (more stretch = more forceful contraction). During maximal exercise the cardiac output will need to be increased, however stroke volume has already reached its maximum. Heart rate ___________. As a result of this stroke volume starts to ____________ - the increase in HR means that there is not as much time for the ventricles to fill up with blood, so there is less to eject (causes the HR to increase even more). Starling’s Law Venous Return decrease Increases Less blood left in heart Ventricular Contraction (aka Diastolic Filling) IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Heart Rate Before exercise Increases above resting HR before exercise has begun – known as ____________, is as a result of the release of adrenalin which stimulates the SA node. Sub-maximal Exercise Plateaus during sub-maximal exercise, called_____________, means that the oxygen demand is being met. Maximal Exercise ______________dramatically once exercise starts, continues to increase as ___________________increases to meet the oxygen demand. _____________________as exercise intensity decreases. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System After Exercise After exercise –______________decreases dramatically, then ______________. Steady state exercise Heart Rate increases Heart Rate decreases Stroke Volume & Cardiac Output Anticipatory response Heart rate gradually decreases. Cardiac Output _____________ directly in line with intensity from resting up to maximum. ____________ during sub maximal exercise. Plateaus Increases IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Data Analysis of Cardiac Output The table below shows the cardiovascular responses during dynamic wholebody exercise for 2 adult males of similar age (20 years old) and size (1.8m, 70kg). One of the individuals is sedentary and the other one is a well- trained endurance athlete. The data reflects 3 levels of exercise intensity: 1. Rest 2. Sub-maximal exercise (exercise at a fixed intensity) Measurement Intensity Rest -1 Sub-max. Heart rate (beats.min ) Max. Rest -1 Sub-max. Stroke volume (ml.beat ) Max. Rest -1 Sub-max. Cardiac output (L.min ) Max. Untrained adult male 75 110 197 60 85 120 4.6 9.4 19.7 Trained adult male 50 80 195 90 112 190 4.5 9.0 32.2 3. Maximal exercise (exercise to the point of exhaustion) 1. Evaluate the effect of training on the cardiovascular response to sub maximal and dynamic exercise. 2. Aside from any differences in training status, predict any difference that you would expect if the data in the above table were compared to an adult female. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Sub-maximal cardiovascular responses are different in children and adults. Both boys and girls have a lower cardiac output than adults at a given absolute sub-maximal rate of work. This lower cardiac output is attributable to a lower stroke volume, which is partially compensated for by a higher heart rate. The table below shows the data from a study comparing cardiovascular responses to cycling and treadmill running in 7-9 year old children versus 18-26 year old adults. Exercise Cycle 60W Run 3 mph Cardiac output (L.min )-1 Child Adult 9.4 12.4 6.7 12.3 Stroke volume (ml.beat-1 Child Adult 61.9 126.8 57.3 135.7 Heart rate (beats.min-1) Child Adult 153.1 97.8 11.6 92.0 1. Compare the cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate between the child and the adult. 2. Explain the cardiac output, stroke volume and heart rate between the child and the adult. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Adaptations of the Heart to Exercise Physiological Adaptation Heart Size Stroke Volume (SV) Resting Heart Rate (RHR) Cardiac Output (Q) Blood Pressure (BP) http://www.ptdirect.com/training-design/anatomy-and-physiology/adaptationsto-exercise/chronic-cardiovascular-adaptations-to-exercise IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Past Paper Questions 1. Explain how it is possible for a trained performer and an untrained performer to have the same cardiac output for a given workload. (4) 2. Describe the relationship between heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output during rest, sub-maximal rowing and maximal rowing. (2) 3. Briefly explain the terms ‘cardiac output’ and ‘stroke volume’, and the relationship between them. (3 marks) IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System 2.2.9 Systolic and diastolic blood pressure Read the passage below and highlight key terms and ideas Blood flow changes dramatically once exercise commences. At rest, only 1520% of cardiac output is directed to skeletal muscle (the majority of it goes to the liver and the kidneys. Blood is redirected to areas where it is needed most. This is known as shunting or accommodation. When exercising, the increased metabolic activity increases the concentration of carbon dioxide and lactic acid in the blood. This is detected by chemoreceptors and sympathetic nerves stimulate the blood vessel size to change shape. Vasodilation will then allow a greater blood flow, bringing the much needed oxygen and flushing away the harmful waste products of metabolism. The redistribution of blood is controlled primarily by the vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles. They react to chemical changes of the local tissue. For example, vasodilation will occur when arterioles sense a decrease in oxygen concentration or an increase in acidity due to higher CO2 and lactic acid concentrations. Sympathetic nerves also play a major role in redistributing blood from one area of the body to another. The smooth muscle layer (tunica media) of the blood vessels is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, and remains in a state of slight contraction. By increasing sympathetic stimulation, vasoconstriction occurs and blood flow is restricted and redistributed to areas of greater need. When stimulation by sympathetic nerves decreases, vasodilation is allowed which will increase blood flow to that body part. Define the terms systolic and diastolic blood pressure Function Diastolic IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Systolic Define: Vasodilation Vasoconstriction Blood Pressure Measured in blood vessels (_____________) Blood pressure is the ____________ applied to _______________. Narrower vessels (_________________) Wider vessels (______________) IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Measurement of force artery artery walls vasodilation vasoconstriction 2.2.10 Analyse systolic and diastolic blood pressure data at rest and during exercise Complete the table below using the word bank below: Describe Explain Skeletal muscle – massive increase in blood flow (26 fold) to working muscle. At maximum effort muscle takes 88% of blood flow Coronary vessels – blood vessels that serve cardiac muscle (which needs oxygen and respiratory substrates). Nearly a 5 fold increase in blood flow during exercise. Skin – small increase in blood flow to the skin during exercise. Kidneys – significant reduction in blood flow during exercise. Liver & gut - significant reduction in blood flow during exercise Brain – blood flow is maintained at the same level during exercise Whole body – the volume of blood pumped per minute is the same measure as cardiac output IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science 2.2.11 Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System How does Systolic and diastolic blood pressure respond to dynamic and static exercise. Complete the paragraphs below using terms for the word bank provided The heart muscle contracts in two stages to squeeze blood out of the heart. This is known as ______________. In the first stage, the _______________ (atria) contract at the same time, pushing blood down into the _____________ (ventricles). IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Blood is pumped from the ___________ down into the right ventricle and from the left atrium down into the _________________. In the second stage, the lower chambers contract to push this blood out of the heart to either the body via your main __________ (aorta) or to the lungs to pick up ______________. The heart then relaxes – known as ____________. Blood fills up the heart again, and the whole process, which takes a fraction of a second, is repeated. (i) Blood pressure is the ______________ applied to artery walls. It increases during exercise because more blood is pumped around the body, increasing pressure in the _____________. (ii) ____________: The blood pressure when the heart is ______________. It is specifically the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. The time at which _____________ contraction occurs is called systole. In a blood pressure reading, the systolic pressure is typically the ___________ number recorded. For example, with a blood pressure of 120/80 ("120 over 80"), the systolic pressure is 120. By "120" is meant 120 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury). (iii) The _______________ pressure is specifically the minimum arterial pressure during relaxation and dilatation of the ventricles of the heart when the _______________ fill with blood. In a blood pressure reading, the diastolic pressure is typically the ___________ number recorded. For example, with a blood pressure of 120/80 ("120 over 80"), the diastolic pressure is 80. By "80" is meant 80 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury). Word Bank Right atrium Artery Lower chambers Systole Systolic measurement of force contracting ventricular IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Upper chambers Left ventricle Oxygen Blood vessels Diastole Diastolic Ventricles Second first 2.2.11: Data analysis questions 80kg healthy male 100 kg unhealthy male Activity Rest Running Lifting Diastolic pressure (mmHg) 75 80 150 Rest 95 Systolic Pressure (mmHg) 11 6 18 0 24 0 15 0 The table above presents data for a healthy trained 80kg male at rest and performing two different actions (running fast, a dynamic activity, trying to lift a very heavy object, static but very high forces), as well as resting data for another untrained and unhealthy individual. Answer the following questions 1. Compare the effect of dynamic exercise and static exercise on blood pressure? Answer 2. Explain why one is higher than the other? Answer 3. Describe the difference between the two participants at rest. Answer IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System 2.2.12: Redistribution of blood during exercise Factors affecting blood pressure Factor Cardiovascular centre Smoking Diet Adrenaline Increase in blood viscosity 2.2.12 Explanation Compare the distribution of blood at rest and during exercise Compare the values. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System 2.2.8: Cardiovascular Drift Explain in detail what is Cardiovascular Drift IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System 2.2.13 Describe the cardiovascular adaptations resulting from aerobic training Please read and highlight the following, which you think is important. 2.2.13 Cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance exercises Acute cardiovascular (circulatory system) responses to exercise 1. When you begin to exercise, your HR increases to O2 to the working muscles. If you exercise at a constant pace, your HR will level off & remain constant until you go faster or stop. This is ‘steady state’, and indicates that the muscles are receiving enough blood & O2 to keep working at that pace. (O2 supply = O2 demand). 2. Stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out of the L ventricle with each heart beat (contraction). Your SV depends on the size of your left ventricle, which is determined by a combination of genetics & training. When you begin to exercise, your heart muscle contracts more forcefully to increase blood (& hence O2 ) supply to your muscles. This causes a more complete emptying of your ventricles, so SV increases. 3. Cardiac Output is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart’s left ventricle in 1 minute. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System 4. CO = SV x HR When you exercise, your Cardiac Output increases in an effort to increase the blood supply (& hence O2 delivery) to the working muscles. 5. Blood Pressure is a measure of the pressure produced by the blood being pumped into the arteries. Systolic B.P. - pressure as the LV ejects the blood into the aorta during heart contraction. Diastolic B.P. - pressure in the arteries during relaxation of the heart. Blood Pressure increase’s during exercise because SV, HR & CO all increase, more blood is pumped into the arteries more quickly. Blood Pressure is the measurement of force applied to artery walls. During exercise, blood flow to the working muscles increases because of increased Cardiac Output & a greater distribution of blood away from nonworking areas to active muscles. 80-85% of Cardiac Output goes to working muscles, because muscle capillaries dilate to allow more blood flow to the muscles called vasodilation. Blood flow to kidneys, stomach & intestines ¯ decreases because the capillaries constrict - called vasoconstriction. Blood flow to the lungs increases, as the right ventricle increases its activity during exercise. To allow for this increased blood flow to the muscles, there must be an accompanying increase in venous return (blood flow back to heart through the veins). IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Due to an increase in sweating, the blood plasma volume decreases during strenuous exercise, especially in hot weather. Acute Muscular Responses to Exercise contraction rate recruitment of muscle fibres & motor units to produce more force muscle temperature Depletion of fuel stores used to produce energy for contractions blood flow to muscles (blood vessels dilate) O2 attraction at the muscle During exercise & recovery, more O2 must be delivered from the lungs to the working muscles, & excess O2 must be removed from the working muscles. Acute respiratory responses to exercise During exercise & recovery, more O2 must be delivered from the lungs to the working muscles, & excess O2 must be removed from the working muscles. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System respiratory rate tidal volume ventilation lung diffusion O2 uptake, or volume of O2 consumed Respiratory rate At rest, you breathe about 12-15 times each minute. When you begin to exercise, the CO2 level in the blood ’s, because CO2 is a waste product of energy production. This triggers the respiratory centre in your brain & you breathe faster. tidal volume- is the size of each breath taken and during heavy exercise, tidal volume can increase to 2.5L per breath as the body tried to increase the oxygen supply to the blood. ventilation- the amount of air breathed in 1 minute dependent on the number of breaths and the size of each breath. lung diffusion- increase in in O2 diffucion from the alveoli to the blood because of a massive increase in blood flow to the lungs and dilation of the capillaries surrounding the alveoli. O2 uptake, or volume of O2 consumed- When you begin to exercise, your VO2 increase’s as your body absorbs more O2 & uses it to produce more aerobic energy. Chronic Training Adaptations When we discuss chronic adaptations to training, we are assuming that training has been occurring for a minimum of 6-8 weeks, training at least 3 sessions per week. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System 2.2.14 Explain maximal oxygen consumption. VO2max Maximum oxygen consumption, also referred to as VO2max. Fitness can be measured by the volume of oxygen you can consume while exercising at your maximum capacity. Maximal Oxygen Consumption is sometimes referred to as maximal aerobic power or aerobic capacity. Those who are ‘fitter’ have higher VO2 max values and can exercise more intensely than those who are not as well conditioned. 2.2.14: Definition - VO2 Max IB: VO2 max is the maximum amount of oxygen in milliliters that an individual can utilize whilst performing dynamic exercise. Q1. Why is VO2 expressed as mL kg-1 per minutes? Answer IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Q2: State the different factors that affect VO2 max/aerobic capacity? Answer Read Below Training can have the effect of making the CVR system more efficient and improving your Vo2 max scores. The effects depend on the type of training, its intensity and its duration. Recent research suggests that you can increase your VO2 max by working out at an intensity that raises your heart rate to between 65 and 85% of its maximum for at least 20 minutes three to five times a week. Interval training has also been indentified as an effective training method (high intensity + rest periods) with your HR recovering to at least 120bpm. Effects can include improved or increased ability: o to metabolise fat o of the blood to ‘pick up’ and transport oxygen from the lungs o of the muscles to use oxygen o to remove waste products o to increase VO2 max o to work at a higher percentage of VO2 max o to recover, both during and after exercise o to regulate body temperature o to work faster/harder for longer o to reduce risk of coronary IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System heart disease/diabetes/health disorders. Past Exam Q: How can specific training increase an athlete’s VO2 Max? Answer: IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science 2.2.15 Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption in selected groups Question: List the factors that VO2 max depends on. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Factor Explanation See Keynote and fill in the table below: Question: List the factors that VO2 max depends on. IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science 2.2.15: Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System Discuss the variability (data) of maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2) in the different groups above (6) Untrained v Trained Young v Old Male v female You will need to also look at (1) heart rate levels, (2) SV output, and (3) cardiac output to gain extra discussion points and apply to the above groups (2.2.7) 2.2.16: Outline the different tests/modes of exercise which can test Maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max )? Key point is that data generated from the different tests/exercise is reflected by the quantity of activated muscle mass. Answer IB Sports, Exercise and Health Science Topic 2: Exercise Physiology: Cardiovascular System