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Unit 8 The Universe
“Two things are infinite: the universe
and human stupidity; and I'm not
sure about the universe.”
― Albert Einstein
I. The Big Bang Theory (BBT) 1
A. 13-15 b.y.a. the Universe came into being and began to
expand at an incredible rate (Inflation).
B. Evidence for the Big Bang: The BBT is not designed to
explain the origins of the universe only how it
developed.
1). Expanding Universe
2). Background radiation that was predicted and
later found.
3). Abundance of light elements (H, He, Li)
4). The BBT fits with the known facts of what we
know so far.
* There are other pieces of evidence, but some are more complex to explain.
* This is not a perfect theory, but it fits the observations better than other proposed
theories. Parts of the theory can be argued, but are in the minority opinion of scientists. Many
parts of the theory have been tested and have withstood the test of time.
Alternative Theories
See Heliocentric/Geocentric
PowerPoint Presentation
1.How old is the universe?
2.What does the BBT describe?
3.What is the evidence for the Big Bang?
4.How is the geocentric model different
than the heliocentric model?
5.What is the reason for the evolution of
our understanding of the universe?
C. Geocentric Model of the Universe put
the Earth at its center based on early
observations.
D. Heliocentric Model of the
Universe put the Sun at its
center.
II. The Electromagnetic Spectrum:
A. The range of wavelength of
electromagnetic radiation
extending from short gamma rays
to long radio waves and including
visible light.
Light can be
split up using
a prism
B. A pattern of spectral Lines are
produced by different elements.
Spectrum
1.What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
2.What is the difference between the geocentric
model and the heliocentric model?
3.What allowed scientists to change their ideas on
the way the Universe was set up?
4.Can we see all forms of electromagnetic energy?
Explain
5.What are spectral lines and what do they have to
do with the elements?
6.How old is the Universe?
7.How old is the Earth?
8.What are the pieces of evidence for the BBT?
9.What is Hubble’s Law?
C. The Doppler Effect: A change in the
observed frequency of a wave
occurring when the source and
observer are in motion relative to
each other. 1
D. Red Shift/Blue Shift: A shift of
spectral lines due to the compression
or expansion of waves as an object
moves towards or away from the
observer.
STOP
III. Star Formation:
A. Dependent upon initial mass of the nebula
B. Large mass stars: shorter lives, may become
neutron stars (pulsars) or blackholes
C. Stars come in a variety of sizes and colors.
D. The Hertzsprung- Russell Diagram (H-R) is a
graph plotting a star’s luminosity (brightness)
vs. its temperature, showing the stages of a
star’s evolution.
Lifecycle of Stars
H-R
Diagram
Part of the original
classification of stars
which had to be
adjusted over time,
hence the
misordered letters.
IV.Formation of Our Solar System: 1 S.S. Sim.
A. Nebula- gas/dust cloud was disturbed 4.6 b.y.a.
B. Sun formed at the center w/ an accretion disk of
dust and gases flattening out along the midplane. Angular Momentum
C. Collisions of clumping material formed
protoplanets.
D. Inner planets were stripped of its gases due to
nearness to the Sun.
E. Recent observations are in conflict with our
present theory.
F. The age is based on radiometric dating of Moon
rocks, meteors, and the oldest Earth rocks.
Age of the Earth (printed material)
G. Assuming everything in the solar system formed at the same time, radioactive dating
shows the age of the Moon is believed to be ~ 4.4 b.y. and meteorites are around ~4.54
b.y.
Mapping the Milky Way
Mapping the
Milky WayPrinted
Informaton
What our galaxy on edge would look like