Download Child Development Unit 2

Child Development
Unit 2
Pregnancy and Prenatal Development
What do you
imagine your life
with children will
be like?
How do you think that
compares to reality?
Unit 2 Vocabulary
1. Abstinence - refraining from sexual intercourse until
marriage
2. Amniocentesis - a prenatal test using a sample of
amniotic fluid to check for birth defects
3.Amniotic Fluid - liquid that surrounds and protects
the developing baby in the uterus during pregnancy
4. Birth Defect - problem's babies are born with which
threaten their health or ability to live
5. Cerebral Palsy - problems of the motor system that
can include lack of coordination, stiffness, jerkiness,
difficulty with speech, and paralysis
6. Chromosomes - carry the genes that
convey hereditary characteristics
7. Chronic Villa Sampling - a prenatal test for
specific birth defects performed by sampling
small amounts of the tissue from the
membrane around the fetus
8. Cleft Palate - a gap in the upper lip or palate
that causes problems with eating, swallowing,
speech and appearance
9. Conception - union of an ovum and sperm,
resulting in the beginning of a pregnancy
10.Cystic Fibrosis - affects the respiratory and
digestive systems; many children die before
11.Dominant Genes - the genes that dictate the
way a trait is expressed
12.Down Syndrome - a group of problems that
include mental retardation, problems of the heart,
blood and digestive system and poor muscle tone
13.Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) - a birth defect
that occurs because a mother drinks alcohol
during pregnancy
14.Fertility - the ability to conceive a child
15.Genes - units that determine inherited
characteristics
16.Genetic Counseling - medical advice that
tells a couple the options and risks of having
genetic problems in their children
17.Hydrocephalus - an excess of fluid surrounds
the brain, causing brain damage.
18.Infertility - the inability to conceive a child
19.Maternity Leave - time off from work that
allows a mother to give birth, recover, and
begin to care for a new baby
20.Miscarriage - the unexpected death of a
developing baby before 20 weeks of pregnancy
21.Muscular Dystrophy - there are
different types that involve a
progressive weakness and shrinking of
the muscles; the most common form
begins between the ages of 2 and 6
22.Ovum - female sex cell, or egg
23.Paternity leave - time off from work
that allows a father to care for a new
baby
24.Period of Zygote - the developing
baby from conception until the second
week of pregnancy
25.Period of Fetus - the developing baby from
the 8th or 9th week of pregnancy until birth
26.Phenylketonuria (PKU) - a condition in
which the body is unable to process and use
a specific protein
27.Placenta - a tissue in the uterus of a
pregnant woman that brings food and oxygen
from the mother's body to a developing baby
28.Pregnancy - the time of life from conception
until birth
29.Prenatal - the time before the baby is born
30.Recessive Genes - genes that are expressed as
a trait only if paired with a matching recessive gene
31.Sickle Cell Anemia - malformed red blood cells
that interfere with the supply of oxygen to all parts
of the body which can lead to early death
32.Sperm - the male sex cell needed for reproduction
33.Spina Bifida - an incompletely formed spinal cord
may lead to stiff joints, difficulty moving the legs,
partial paralysis and problems with the kidneys and
urinary tract;
34.Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) - an
illness spread from one person to another by
sexual contact
35.Stillbirth - the unexpected death of a
developing baby after 20 weeks of pregnancy
36.Tay-Sachs Disease - lacking a certain chemical
in the blood that makes children's bodies unable
to process and use fats (which leads to severe
brain damage and to death, usually by age four)
37.Ultrasound - a prenatal test using sound waves
to make a picture of the unborn child
38.Umbilical Cord - tube that connects the
placenta to the unborn child which nourishes it,
gives it oxygen, and takes away wastes
39.Uterus - reproductive organ in a woman in
which a baby develops
Child Development
Chapter 4 p. 117-125
Objectives:
I.
List STDs most likely to affect the health
of an unborn baby and mother (2.6)
II. Identify the symptoms and treatment of
STDs (2.6.1)
III. Name risks due to teen pregnancy (2.10)
IV. Discuss cost of teen pregnancy to society
(2.11)
5/12/2017
Sexuality
 Sexuality—person’s view of himself or
herself as male or female
 Sexuality is shown by the way people walk,
talk, move, dress and laugh
 During teen years, you develop your
sexuality.
 Hormones—chemicals in body, shape
these changes
Sexuality…not Sex
 Just because you express yourself as
male/female does not mean that you
have to have sex.
 Peer pressure—influence of others to
do things you don’t want to do
 Pressure comes from the media as
well.
Consequences of Sexual
Activity
 Pregnancy and STDS
 STDs—Sexually transmitted diseases
 Each year there are 12 MILLION cases of
STDs reported in the USA
 About 3 MILLION of these cases are in teens
 It's estimated that 1 in every 4
sexually active teens gets at least
one STD!
 All are preventable--ABSTINENCE
Objective #1
 List STDs most likely to affect the
health of an unborn baby and mother
(2.6)
STDs Affecting Unborn Babies
• Illnesses spread from one person to
another by sexual contact
• Some can be passed from pregnant
woman to unborn child
• Can result in serious illness, deformity,
or death
2.6
STDs Affecting Unborn Babies
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Hepatitis B
Genital Herpes
AIDS
Group B Streptococcus
Chlamydia
2.6
STDs Affecting Unborn Babies
• Syphilis
– Most doctors test all women
• Some states require test
• Gonorrhea
– Can cause blindness
– Baby’s eyes treated with solution to kill
gonorrhea germs
2.6
STDs Affecting Unborn Babies
• AIDS
– Moms with AIDS may pass it to their
babies
– Doctors treat mothers with drugs to reduce
child’s risk
– Baby also treated
– Early testing CRITICAL
2.6
STDs Affecting Unborn Babies
STD
Symptom
Treatment
Mother
Baby
Chlamydia
Pain when
urinating,
cramps or no
symptoms
Antibiotics
Sterility
---
No cure
Painful
urination and
sex
Brain damage
or teach
Genital herpes Open sores on
organs, painful
urination, fever
Gonorrhea
Burning,
itching,
discharge
Antibiotics
Sterility,
arthritis, heart
problems
Eye damage,
premature
labor, stillbirth
Syphilis
Sores on sex
organs, fevers,
rashes, hair
loss
Antibiotics
Insanity and
death
Insanity and
death
AIDS
Caused by
HIV
Once it’s
AIDS, no cure
Weakens
immune
system
Weakens
immune
system
2.6
Objective #2
 Identify the symptoms and treatment
of STDs (2.6.1)





Chlamydia
Genital herpes
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
HIV/AIDS
Common STDs
 See page 121
 About 1 in 4 teens get an STD every year.
 Chlamydia and Gonorrhea are more
common among teens than older men and
women
 AIDS has been made more popular due to
high-profile people acquiring it.
Gonorrhea
• Gonorrhea is a bacterium that can
cause sterility, arthritis, and heart
problems.
• In women, gonorrhea can cause pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID), which can
result in ectopic pregnancy or sterility.
• During pregnancy, gonorrhea infections
can cause premature labor and stillbirth.
Common Symptoms of Gonorrhea
• Women: frequent, often burning,
urination; menstrual irregularities, pelvic
or lower abdominal pain; pain during
sex or pelvic examination; a yellowish or
yellow-green discharge from the vagina;
swelling or tenderness of the vulva; and
even arthritic pain.
• Men: a pus-like discharge from the
urethra or pain during urination
• 80% of the women and 10 %
of the men with gonorrhea
show no symptoms.
• If they appear at all, symptoms
occur in women within 10 days.
• It takes from one to 14 days
for symptoms to appear in
men.
Herpes
• There are two forms of genital herpes —
herpes simplex virus-1 and herpes simplex
virus-2.
• Although herpes-1 is most often associated
with cold sores and fever blisters, both forms
of herpes may be sexually transmitted.
• In fact, most adults have herpes simplex virus
(HSV), either type 1 or type 2, or both.
Common Symptoms of Herpes
• A recurring rash with clusters of itchy or
painful blistery sores appearing on the
vagina, cervix, penis, mouth, anus, buttocks,
or elsewhere on the body painful ulcerations
that occur when blisters break open.
• The first outbreak may cause pain and
discomfort around the infected area, itching,
burning sensations during urination, swollen
glands in the groin, fever, headache, and a
general run-down feeling.
More than 45,000,000 Americans
have been diagnosed with genital
herpes.
At least 1,000,000 new cases are
diagnosed every year.
Like many other viruses, the HSV
remains in the body for life.
Chlamydia
Common Symptoms
• Discharge from the penis or vagina
• Pain or burning while urinating, frequent urination
• Excessive vaginal bleeding
• Painful intercourse for women
• Spotting between periods or after intercourse
• Abdominal pain, nausea, fever
• Inflammation of the rectum or cervix
• Swelling or pain in the testicles
FACT
• 75% of women &
• 50 % of men with
Chlamydia have no
symptoms.
How Chlamydia is spread
• Vaginal and anal intercourse
• From the birth canal to the fetus
• Rarely (but possible) from the hand to
the eye
• Rarely (but possible) during oral sex
Pubic Lice
Common symptoms
•
•
•
•
•
•
Intense itching in the genitals or anus
Mild fever
Feeling run down
Irritability
Lice or small egg sacks — nits — in pubic hair
Itching usually begins five days after infestation
begins. Some people don't itch and don't know they
are infested.
How pubic lice are spread
• Contact with infected bedding, clothing,
upholstered furniture, and toilet seats
• Intimate and sexual contact
Treatment:
• Everyone who may have been exposed
to pubic lice should be treated at the
same time. All bedding, towels, and
clothing that may have been exposed
should be thoroughly washed or dry
cleaned, and the home should be
vacuumed.
• Protection: Limit the number of
intimate and sexual contacts.
Scabies
• The scabies mite burrows under the
skin. It can hardly be seen with the
naked eye. It belongs to the same
family as the spider.
• It is usually sexually transmitted.
However, school children often pass it
to one another through casual contact.
Common symptoms
• Intense itching — usually at night
• Small bumps or rashes that appear in
dirty-looking, small curling lines,
especially on the penis, between the
fingers, on buttocks, breasts, wrists,
thighs, and around the navel
How scabies is spread
• Close personal contact
• Bedding and clothing
• Protection: Limit the number of
intimate and sexual contacts.
Objective #3
 Name risks due to teen pregnancy (2.10)
 Health
 Low birth weight
 Premature labor
 Miscarriage and Higher stillbirth rates
 Anemic
 Education
 Financial
 Child Support
 Emotional and Social
 Social Stigmas
Risks of Teen Pregnancy
• Health Risks
– Mom’s body not ready for demands of
pregnancy
– More likely to suffer from anemia (iron
deficiency) and hypertension (high blood
pressure)
– Difficulty providing nutrients for mom AND
baby
2.10
Risks of Teen Pregnancy
• Health Risks (con’t)
– Increased risk of premature birth and low
birth weight
• May result in learning difficulties
– Babies of teens more likely to die before 1st
birthday
2.10
Risks of Teen Pregnancy
• Educational Risk
– Causes many teens to drop out of school
– Nearly half who leave never complete their
education
– Difficulty finding employment
2.10
Risks of Teen Pregnancy
• Financial Risk
– Cost of medical care
– Child care expense
– Food, clothing, housing, health care
– Child support
2.10
Risks of Teen Pregnancy
• Emotional and Social Costs
– Stress on relationships
– Lack of support from friends
– Difficulty connecting with peers
– Inability to participate in extra-curricular
activities
2.10
Objective #4
 Discuss cost of teen pregnancy to
society (2.11)






Medicaid
Food Stamps
WIC
Quitting school
Abuse
Neglect
Societal Costs of Teen Pregnancy
• Children born to teen mothers are more likely
to drop out of school, to give birth out of
wedlock, to divorce or separate, and to
become dependent on welfare, compared to
children with older parents
• From 1985 to 1990, public cost related to
teenage childbearing totaled $120.3 billion,
which includes AFDC, Medicaid, and food
stamps.
2.11
Teenage Pregnancy
• Each year in the United States, 800,000
to 900,000 teenage girls become
pregnant.
• According to the National Campaign to
Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 4 out of
every 10 girls in the United States
become pregnant at least once
before age 20.
Review:
 How would you feel if someone you
knew got an STD?
 How would you feel if that person was
YOU?
Chapter 5 p. 141-149
1.
2.
3.
Objectives:
Describe the three stages of prenatal
development (2.7)
Explain physical changes to the
mother during pregnancy (2.3)
Name discomforts of pregnancy (2.4)
5/12/2017
Objective #1

Describe the three stages of prenatal
development (2.7)
Conception

Once a month, an OVUM (female egg) is
released by the ovaries
 Egg moves through fallopian tube to the
uterus
 When egg reaches uterus it is flushed out
of the body with the menstrual flow if not
fertilized
 If the egg meets the SPERM, it gets
fertilized and CONCEPTION has occurred
Zygote—first 2 weeks
When sperm and ova unite—zygote
forms
 Divides into 2 cells and keeps
dividing
 14th day after conception, it attaches
to the wall of the uterus

1. State the first name for the
fertilized egg:
Ovum
A fertilized egg…growing by cell
division….
Embryo—week 3-8
Once implanted in the uterus, it’s called
an Embryo
 Umbilical cord extends from the embryo
and connects to the placenta
 Embryo is cushioned inside a fluid-filled
pouch called amniotic sac
 Nutrients flow from the mother’s
bloodstream into the umbilical cord into
the embryo

Umbilical Cord
Umbilical cord…….
Amniotic Sac
Fetal Development
See pages 146-147
3 Stages of Prenatal Development
• Period of the Zygote
– First 2 weeks
• Period of the Embryo
– From 3-8 weeks of pregnancy
• Period of the Fetus
– From 8-9 weeks pregnancy to birth
2.7
How many
weeks? First 2
Definition:
Period of the
Zygote
What
develops?
1st Stage
Size?
At the end, it’s
as big as a pinhead
Other:
3 Stages of Prenatal Development
• Period of the zygote
– Zygote is fertilized egg
– Zygote travels down Fallopian tube and
attaches to uterine lining
– Uterine lining provides nourishment
– Zygote grows by cell division
• 1 to 2, 2 to 4, 4 to 8, etc
– Ends stage at size of pinhead.
2.7
Prenatal Development
Fertilization
Approx. 3 days after fertilization; cell
division has begun. It’s really about
the size of the head of a straight
pin.
It is at the zygote
stage. It is
still floating
around inside
the uterus.
How many
weeks?
Weeks 3-8
Definition:
Period of the
Embryo
What
develops?
2nd Stage
Size?
Other:
3 Stages of Prenatal Development
• Period of embryo
– Cell mass develops into major body
systems
• Heart and lungs, bones, muscle
– Amniotic sac forms around embryo
• Amniotic fluid protects and cushions baby
– Placenta develops
• Rich in blood vessels
• Transmits food and oxygen from mom to baby
via umbilical cord
2.7
First Month
• By the end of the
first month, the
embryo is about
1/10 of an inch
long. The heart,
which is no larger
than a poppy seed,
has begun beating.
First Month
3 weeks……it is searching for a place
to implant in the uterine lining. If it
is going to attach it will soon.
It’s a little smaller
than a rice krispie.
Backbone, spinal
column and
nervous system
are forming.
4 weeks…..about the size of a rice
krispie. The kidneys, liver and
stomach and small intestine are
beginning to develop.
Hormones in the mother’s body stop
ovulation and menstruation.
7 weeks
Facial features
are visible. A
mouth and tongue
have formed.
Muscles are forming
Two Months
• The embryo is about
1 inch long and has
distinct, slightly
webbed fingers.
Veins are clearly
visible. The heart has
divided into right and
left chambers.
Two Months
How many
weeks? From
8-9 weeks until
birth
Definition:
Period of the
Fetus
What
develops?
3rd Stage
Size?
Other:
Fetus—8 to 9th week until birth
• Unborn child—fetus
• Body, head, arms and legs grow
• Organs develop for breathing and
digestion
• Nerves and muscles
• Heart and brain continue to grow
3 Stages of Prenatal Development
• Period of the fetus
– Kicks and movements felt
• Begin with fluttering or “quickening”
• Helps predict delivery date
– Amount of fluid increases with size of fetus
• Decreases just before birth as baby swallows
– Baby is viable at 7 months
– Major organs begin to function
– Weight and fat added to baby rapidly
– Can cry before birth
2.7
2 months or 8 weeks
Very prominent
forehead…
because of
brain
development
Arms and legs
are forming.
Sex organs are
forming.
10 weeks…..the heart is almost
completely formed.
Baby teeth are forming in the jaw.
12 weeks…..Now called a fetus
Vocal cords are formed. Heart is
complete. Ultrasound may show the
fetus sucking it’s thumb.
10 to 12 weeks
Period of the Fetus
Three Months
• By now the fetus is 2 1/2
to 3 inches long and is
fully formed. He has
begun swallowing and
kicking. All organs and
muscles have formed
and are beginning to
function.
Period of the Fetus - 12 weeks
14 to 16 weeks
Mom begins
to feel
the baby’s
movement
Taste buds
have formed.
Period of the Fetus - 16 weeks
Four Months
• The baby is covered
with a layer of thick,
downy hair called
lanugo. His heartbeat
can be heard clearly.
This is when mother
may feel baby's first
kick.
Period of the Fetus - 18 weeks
18 weeks
The rest of
the body is
growing so
the head
doesn’t
seem so
out of
proportion.
Period of the Fetus -
Five Months
• A protective coating
called vernix begins to
form on baby's skin. By
the end of this month, the
baby will be 10 to 12
inches long and weigh
almost a pound.
Hair, finger and
toenails begin
to form.
Fetus is skinny
and wrinkled
still.
Fetus is moving
around and the
mother can feel
the movements.
20 weeks or 5 months
20 weeks – 5 months
Skin seems
very thin....
because there
is very little
fat under the
skin at this time.
Notice the sex
of the baby is
evident by now.
Six Months
• Eyebrows and
eyelids are visible.
The baby's lungs are
filled with amniotic
fluid, and he has
started breathing
motions. If you talk or
sing, he can hear
you.
6th Month
• The fetus begins to
develop a layer of
fat beneath the skin,
and fine hair, called
lanugo, covers the
head and body.
• The baby is said to
be "viable," which
means that it stands
a slight chance of
survival should it be
born now.
24 weeks or 6 months
Skin is
protected
by vernix.
There is also
fine hair on
the baby
called
“laungo.”
30 weeks
The baby is
rapidly
putting on
weight and
gaining
layers of
protective
fat under
the skin.
Period of the Fetus - 32 weeks
• During the last two
months of pregnancy
the fetus increases in
weight by just under
an ounce daily.
• The baby settles into
a curled position,
usually head down.
32 weeks
Fat is causing
the skin to
smooth out.
The baby is
getting
crowded and
will soon
get into the
head-down birth position
4 months
6 Months
Seven Months
• By the end of the
seventh month, the
baby weighs about 3
1/2 pounds and is
about 12 inches
long. His body is
well-formed.
Fingernails cover his
fingertips
Eight Months
• The baby is gaining
about half a pound
per week, and layers
of fat are piling on. He
has probably turned
head-down in
preparation for birth.
He weighs between 4
and 6 pounds.
Nine Months
• The baby is a hefty 6
to 9 pounds and
measures between 19
and 22 inches. As he
becomes more
crowded, mother may
feel him move around
less.
Preparing for Birth
During the 9th month the baby’s
weight seems to shift—called
“lightening”
 Muscles in abdomen and uterus can
be stretched up to 60 TIMES their
original size during pregnancy
 After 37-42 weeks, most babies are
ready to be born!

40 weeks
40 Weeks
Objective #2

Explain physical changes to the mother
during pregnancy (2.3)
Pregnancy Development
See page 145
Pregnancy and Prenatal Development
Pregnancy is just as misunderstood!
Having a baby is wonderful, BUT…
…being pregnant is a
life-changing experience
that is not always
pleasant!
Mother’s Physical Changes
• Month 1
– Missed period
• Month 2
– Enlarged breasts
– More frequent urination
– Nausea
– Fatigue
Embryo at 6-7 weeks
2.3
Mother’s Physical Changes
• Month 3
– Fuller, firmer breasts
– Nausea, fatigue, and frequent urination
continue
– Abdomen begins to enlarge
• Uterus is about the size of an orange.
– Weight gain of 2-4 pounds
2.3
Mother’s Physical Changes
• Month 4
– Abdomen continues growing
– Sickness may be gone
– Appetite increases
• Month 5
– “Showing”
– Fetal movements
– Size may affect posture
2.3
Mother’s Physical Changes
• Month 6
– Fetal kicks, bumps, and thumps felt and
visible
– Weight gain of 10-12 pounds
• Month 7
– Continued increase in size
and weight
2.3
Mother’s Physical Changes
• Month 8
– Discomfort from size
• Backache, leg cramps, shortness of breath, etc
– Fetal kicks may prevent rest
– Weight gain of 18-20 pounds
2.3
Mother’s Physical Changes
• Month 9
– “Lightening”
• Uterus drops into pelvis
– Breathing easier
– Other discomforts continue
– Total weight gain of 25-35 pounds
– False labor pains (Braxton-Hicks Contractions)
Pregnancy Link
2.3
Objective #3

Name discomforts of pregnancy (2.4)
Discomforts of Pregnancy
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Backache
Muscle Cramps
Breast Changes
Nausea and Vomiting
Constipation
Nosebleeds and
Bleeding Gums
Hemorrhoids
Pelvic Discomfort
Sciatica
Frequent Urination
Shortness of Breath
Difficulty Sleeping
Skin Changes
Fatique
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stretch Marks
Headache
Stuffy Nose
Food or Chemical Allergies
Heart Pounding
Swelling (Feet, Legs and Hands)
Heartburn
Intestinal Gas
Vaginal Discharge
Yeast Infections
Light-Headedness
Dizziness
Varicose Veins
Mood Changes
2.4
Sticky Note Review:
• Considering all the discomforts of
pregnancy, all the changes that a woman
would have to go through…in YOUR
mind…IS IT WORTH IT?
• WHY OR WHY NOT?
Child Development
Chapter 5 p. 155-167
Objectives:
 Research complications/birth defects and
include description, symptoms,
developmental disabilities, etc. (2.4.1)
 Describe prenatal tests used to determine
health of mother and fetus (2.5)
 Identify risks involved with prenatal tests
(2.5.1)
5/12/2017
Objective #1
 Research
complications/birth defects
and include description, symptoms,
developmental disabilities, etc. (2.4.1)
Loosing a Baby





Everyone imagines having a “healthy” baby.
Sometimes a baby does not develop
normally.
If the baby dies before 20 weeks of
pregnancy—miscarriage
If it dies after 20 weeks—stillbirth
Nearly 20% of pregnancies end in
miscarriage
Types of Birth Defects
 Some
babies are born with serious
problems that threaten their health or
ability to live—birth defects
 3/100 babies born have a birth defect
 There are 100s of birth defects
 Not all are apparent at birth—some take
years to show
Causes of Birth Defects


Scientists don’t understand the causes
of 60% of birth defects
There are 4 main causes:




Environmental
Abnormal genes
Heredity
Errors in Chromosomes
Environmental Causes

Choices a mother makes impact the
development of the child—especially during
the first few weeks, when she might not know
she’s pregnant.
–
–
–
–
–
Nutritional balance of diet
Diseases or infections mother gets
Harmful substances
Medications
Radiation
Heredity Causes
Everyone has imperfect recessive genes—
about 5-6 per person.
 If BOTH partners contribute the recessive
gene and BOTH partners have a bad
recessive gene, this could cause the CHILD
to get the trait.

Errors in Chromosomes
•
•
•
•
•
Sometimes the baby might have too
many chromosomes or too few.
This is not a hereditary defect, because
the child does not get it from the parent.
Most common—Down Syndrome
1/800 births in US has this condition
Extra 21st chromosome
Selected Birth Defects
See pages 159-161 for more information
Possible Complications: Birth Defects
• Problems babies are born with that may
affect health or ability to live
• Some are genetic
– Genes – units that determine inherited
characteristics
• Dominant genes – dictate the way a trait is
expressed
• Recessive genes – expressed as a trait only if
paired with a matching recessive gene
2.4
Possible Complications: Birth Defects
• Cerebral Palsy
– Problems of motor system that can include
lack of coordination, stiffness, jerkiness,
difficulty with speech, and paralysis
– Caused by damage to brain before, during,
or shortly after birth
2.4
Possible Complications: Birth Defects
• Cleft Lip or Cleft Palate
– A gap in the upper lip or palate that causes
problems with eating, swallowing, speech,
and appearance
– Caused by heredity, environmental factors,
or both
2.4
Possible Complications: Birth Defects
• Cystic Fibrosis
– Affects the respiratory and digestive
systems; many children die before
reaching adulthood
– Caused by defective recessive genes from
both parents
2.4
Possible Complications: Birth Defects
• Down Syndrome
– Group of problems that include mental
retardation; problems of the heart, blood
and digestive system; and poor muscle
tone
– Caused by presence of extra chromosome
• Chromosomes – carry genes that convey
hereditary characteristics
2.4
Possible Complications: Birth Defects
• Spina Bifida
– Incompletely formed spinal cord; may lead to stiff
joints, difficulty moving legs, partial paralysis,
problems with kidneys and urinary tract
– 70% of children with Spina Bifida also have
hydrocephalus
– Caused by combination of heredity and
environmental factors; may be prevented in some
cases by use of folic acid supplement
2.4
Possible Complications: Birth Defects
• Hydrocephalus
– Excess of fluid surrounding the brain, causing
brain damage.
– Usually occurs with Spina Bifida
• Muscular Dystrophy
– 2 different types involve progressive weakness
and shrinking of muscles; most common form
begins from ages 2-6
– Caused by heredity
2.4
Possible Complications: Birth Defects
• Phenylketonuria (PKU)
– Condition in which the body is unable to
process and use a specific protein; can
cause mental retardation
– Caused by defective recessive genes in
both parents
2.4
Possible Complications: Birth Defects
• Sickle Cell Anemia
– Malformed red blood cells interfere with
supply of oxygen to all parts of the body;
can lead to early death
– Caused by defective recessive genes in
both parents
2.4
Possible Complications: Birth Defects
• Tay-Sachs Disease
– Lacking a certain chemical compound in
the blood that makes children’s bodies
unable to process and use fats, which
leads to severe brain damage and death
(usually by age 4)
– Caused by defective recessive genes from
both parents
2.4
Interaction of Heredity and
Environment
 Some
birth defects come from the
environment and heredity working together
 Example—heart defect
 Researchers also believe these two play a
role in: spina bifida, cleft palate and cleft lip
 If women took the FOLIC ACID needed, over
1,000 cases could be prevented each year
Prevention and Diagnosis
of Birth Defects
 Some
birth defects can be controlled
and prevented—alcohol and drug
related
 Others cannot, but tests can be done
early to make sure the child receives
the proper help early on.
Genetic Counseling
 Genetic
counseling does not tell people
what to do—it gives them advice about
having a child with certain impairments
 Usually involves telling your family
history and medical history, so they can
better determine what problems you
COULD face in the future if you have a
child.
Objectives #2 and 3
 Describe
prenatal tests used to
determine health of mother and fetus
(2.5)
 Identify risks involved with prenatal tests
(2.5.1)
Prenatal Tests
 Over
100 birth defects can be identified
before the baby is born.
 Ultrasound
 Amniocentesis
 Chronic villas sampling
Prenatal Tests
• Ultrasound
– Most common
– Uses sound waves to make image
– Used to identify skeletal or organ defects
– Can confirm due date and number of
fetuses
– No known harm
2.5
Prenatal Tests
• Amniocentesis
– Withdrawal of amniotic fluid
– Uses BIG needle guided by ultrasound
– Tests for Down syndrome and other
disorders
– Causes miscarriage in about 1 in 200
2.5
Prenatal Tests
• Chorionic Villi Sampling
– Uses small amounts of tissue from
membrane around fetus
– Tube inserted vaginally and samples
snipped or suctioned off
– Used for same diseases as amniocentesis
• Carries greater risk of miscarriage
• May cause birth defects
2.5
What do you think?
 Would
you want to know if you were
having a child with a genetic problem?
 In
YOUR opinion, Would the possibility
of hurting the baby during testing be
worth knowing if there was anything
wrong?
Child Development
Chapter 5 p. 168-175
1.
Objective:
Name factors that are harmful to the development of the
unborn child (2.8):
Alcohol
Drugs (over the counter & prescription)
Caffeine
Infections (such as Rubella)
Smoking
Harmful fumes and Paint products
Lead
X-rays
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Alcohol






Fetal Alcohol Syndrome—FAS, caused by women
who drink alcohol when they’re pregnant.
1/5 babies born with FAS die soon after birth.
Those that do survive are left with a host of
problems.
Some are mentally retarded.
Some suffer from Fetal Alcohol Effects—less
severe, but still damaging to the child.
There is NO CURE—only prevention will help!
Factors Harmful to Unborn Child
• Alcohol (con’t)
– Degree of damage directly related to
amount of drinking and stage of pregnancy
– No cure for FAS or fetal alcohol effects
– Preventable
– No known threshold
2.8
Factors Harmful to Unborn Child
• Alcohol
– Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
• 1 in 5 babies die
• Causes physical and mental problems
– Slow growth, poor coordination, heart defects, facial
disfigurement, learning problems, hyperactivity,
inability to control behavior
– Fetal Alcohol Effects
• Less severe than FAS
2.8
Prescription and
Over the counter Drugs
Medicines or infections that reach the developing
baby during the first 3 months are the most
devastating.
 This is the critical period of time when the brain is
forming…could cause mental retardation.
 During the last two trimesters, drugs taken could
cause slow growth, infections or bleeding.
 Don’t take anything unless a doctor tells you to!

Factors Harmful to Unborn Child
• Medicines (prescription and over-the-counter)
– No drug is completely safe
• Aspirin, cold meds, and antihistamines cause
harm
– 1st Trimester has most severe effect
• Body systems and brain development
– Last 6 months important as well
• Can cause slow growth, infections, or bleeding
at birth
– Only take meds prescribed by doctor while
pregnant!!!
2.8
Illegal Drugs
 A mother who is addicted to a drug when
pregnant passes her addiction to her baby
 From birth, these children go through
withdrawal
 For some babies, withdrawal is so severe that
they die
 Cocaine and marijuana is known to cause
miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth and
birth defects
Factors Harmful to Unborn Child
• Illegal Drugs
– Addiction passed to baby
– Infants go through withdrawal
• May result in death
– Long range effects
• Follow only simple directions
• Often cannot understand classes
– Cocaine
• Causes miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth, birth
defects
• Similar effects from marijuana use
2.8
Caffeine
Small amounts of caffeine (2 cups of coffee or
3 sodas per day) don’t pose a risk.
 However, large quantities have been
associated with miscarriage, low birth weight
and infant death.
 Caffeine blocks the body’s ability to absorb
iron…iron is needed to build blood…without
blood you don’t have life.

Factors Harmful to Unborn Child
• Caffeine
– Small amounts (2 cups coffee, 3 cokes) not
harmful
– Larger quantities cause problems
• Increased risk of miscarriage
• Low birth weight
• Infant death
2.8
Rubella
 Also called German Measles
 Most women had no symptoms of the
diseases, but the babies were born with
deafness, blindness, heart disease and
mental retardation
 A vaccine is now available—usually children
are given this at an early age
(MMR)
Tobacco

Nicotine is known to cause small babies

A newborn’s survival is critical to how much
they weight

Heavy smoking is known to cause premature
birth, respiratory infections and allergies in
children after birth
Factors Harmful to Unborn Child
• Tobacco
– Nicotine is harmful substance
– More smoking causes lower birthweight
– Heaving smoking may cause premature
birth
– Linked to respiratory infection and allergies
– Secondhand smoke just as dangerous
2.8
X Rays

Radiation from X rays can cause birth defects

Avoid unneeded X rays before pregnancy
and request abdominal shields during X rays

Always be honest with your doctor—don’t lie
if you think you’re pregnant
STDS
Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Hepatitis B, Genital
herpes, AIDS, Group B streptococcus and
Chlamydia are all dangerous to a developing
baby.
 Treatment can cure and relieve symptoms of
some of these in adults, but no drug can cure
damage to a newborn due to delay of
diagnosis and treatment.

AIDS
 Can be passed on to baby from infected
mother
 Can lie dormant for numerous years before
causing symptoms
 Can be given treatment to prolong life, but
doctors must know early on that the mother
does in fact have AIDS.
Thoughts to Consider:

Is it fair that a mother can do whatever she
wants to her body? (It is after all, HER body.)

What kind of laws do you think should be in
place for women who knowingly abuse their
body and their developing baby, or should
there be any such laws?
A Healthy Pregnancy
• Chapter 6 p. 180-191
Objectives:
– List the early signs of pregnancy (2.2)
– Name discomforts and complications of
pregnancy (2.4)
– Describe types of care for mother’s and
baby’s health (2.9)
Objective #1
– List the early signs of pregnancy (2.2)
Early Signs of Pregnancy
 Missed period
 Fullness or mild ache in lower
abdomen
 Feeling tired, drowsy or faint
 Need to urinate more often than usual
 Discomfort or tenderness in breasts
 Periods of nausea, especially early in
the day
Objective #2
• Name discomforts and complications of
pregnancy (2.4)
Discomforts of Pregnancy
• Each woman is different.
• Some have difficulties—others do not.
• Common problems are:
– Nausea, sleepiness, heartburn, shortness of
breath, varicose veins, muscle cramps, lower back
pains, constipation, headaches, moodiness.
Nausea and Vomiting
• Hormonal changes can cause nausea
and vomiting. Recommendations are:
Continue to gain weight
Eat small frequent meals
Separate liquid and solid foods
Avoid odors and foods that are nauseating
Choose foods that are well tolerated
Heartburn
• Hormonal changes cause relaxation of
gastrointestinal muscles. Relaxation of
the esophageal sphincter is believed to
be the cause of heartburn.
Recommendations are:
Eat small frequent meals
Don’t go to bed with a full stomach
Avoid foods that make heartburn worse
Constipation
• Relaxed gastrointestinal muscles due to
hormonal changes is also believed to be
the cause of constipation and
hemorrhoids. Recommendations are:
Consume approximately 30 grams of
dietary fiber/day
Drink at least 6 to 9 glasses of fluid/day
Possible Complications
–
–
–
–
–
–
Vaginal bleeding
Unusual weight gain
Excessive thirst
Reduced or painful urination
Severe abdominal pain
Persistent headaches
• Severe vomiting
• Fever
• Swelling of face, hands or
ankles
• Blurred vision or
dizziness
• Prolonged backache
• Increased vaginal mucus
Objective #3
– Describe types of care for mother’s and
baby’s health (2.9)
Medical Care During Pregnancy
As SOON as you think you’re pregnant, go to the doctor
1.
2.
3.
4.
Medical care options:
General practitioner—family doctor (medical school)
Obstetrician—specialist in pregnancy and birth (medical
school plus specialty)
OBGYN—specialist in pregnancy, birth and women’s
anatomy (medical school plus specialty)
Nurse-midwife—registered nurse with training in normal
pregnancy and birth (nursing degree plus specialty
training)
Types of Care for Mom & Baby
• Obstetricians
– Doctors who specializes in pregnancy and
birth
• Family Doctors
– General practice doctors who also deliver
babies and provide prenatal and postnatal
care
2.9
Types of Care for Mom & Baby
• Licensed Midwives
– Nurse-midwife
• RN with advanced training in normal pregnancy
and birth; pass licensing exam
– Lay midwife
• Has special training in care of pregnant women
and normal deliveries; also pass licensing
exam but are not nurses
2.9
Before returning to work…
• The woman must have a note from her
doctor releasing her back into the
workforce.
• FMLA allows up to 12 weeks of leave
for workers for family reasons.
• This leave of work is WITHOUT pay in
America.
Nutrition for Pregnancy
• Nutrition during affects the health of
both the mother and the baby
• Eat a well-balanced diet including a
variety of foods following the Food
Guide Pyramid
Weight Gain
• Mother’s weight gain during pregnancy
is related to baby’s birth weight
• Baby’s weighing between 6 ½ to 9
pounds have fewer health risks
• Low-birth weight baby’s (less than 5 ½
pounds) have higher health risks
Weight Gain
•
•
•
•
•
Under Weight
Normal Weight
Over Weight
Obese
Twins
28 to 40 pounds
25 to 35 pounds
15 to 25 pounds
at least 15 pounds
35 to 45 pounds
What would you do?
What if you found out today that you, or
your girl friend, were pregnant?
How would your life change? What would you
have to give up or change?
• Make a list of all the items you would
need to buy before the child arrives. (2.9)
Tomorrow….
• Go to Ms. Moltz’s lab.
• We will research careers related to
pregnancy and prenatal development.
10 Careers:
•
•
•
•
•
Childbirth educator
Labor Doula
Postpartum Doula
Lactation Support
OBGYN
•
•
•
•
•
Nurse
Midwife
Anesthesiologist
General Practitioner
________________
Great Website:
pregnancyabout.com