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A BASIC OVERVIEW OF VOICE PRODUCTION HOW WE MAKE SOUND The source of the sound in human speaking and singing is the vibration of the vocal cords, which are inside the larynx, and the production of the sounds is called phonation. The vocal cords are set into vibration by air from the lungs that moves through the windpipe passing over them, and they in turn produce resonance in the column of air enclosed by the pharynx. The mouth and throat are variable in size and shape, thus permitting alteration of vowel sound and pitch. At puberty the vocal cords of the male become approximately double their original length, with the result that the average adult male voice is about an octave lower in pitch than the female. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. PHONATION To utter speech sounds; vocalize. VOCAL TRACT The airway used in the production of speech, especially the passage above the larynx, including the pharynx, mouth, and nasal cavities. LUNGS Either of two spongy organs in the chest of air-breathing animals that serve as the organs of gas exchange. Blood flowing through the lungs picks up oxygen from inhaled air and releases carbon dioxide, which is exhaled. Air enters and leaves the lungs through the bronchial tubes. RESPIRATION breathing inhalation and exhalation of air; PHARYNX the tube or cavity, with its surrounding membrane and muscles, that connects the mouth and nasal passages with the esophagus. LARYNX part of the respiratory tract, having walls of cartilage and muscle and containing the vocal cords enveloped in folds of mucous membrane. Sound is produced by air passing through the larynx on the way to the lungs, causing the walls of the larynx to vibrate. The pitch of the sound that is produced can be altered by the pull of muscles, which changes the tension of the vocal cords. Also called voice box. ESOPHAGUS The muscular membranous tube for the passage of food from the pharynx to the stomach; the gullet. RESONANCE Acoustics. Intensification and prolongation of sound, produced by vibration. Intensification of vocal tones during articulation, as by the air cavities of the mouth and nasal passages. DICTION Degree of clarity and distinctness of pronunciation in speech or singing; enunciation. DIAPHRAGM The LARGE, DOME-SHAPED muscle that separates the chest (thoracic) cavity from the abdomen and is located at the base of the lungs. The diaphragm is the central muscle of the human body and is the principal muscle of breathing. When you inhale the diaphragm descends. Your lungs are useless without your diaphragm muscle, which does the pushing and pulling on your lungs to make them work. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.