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CHAPTER 7 NEW IDEAS AND NEW RELIGIONS KEY WORDS Privilege: Benefit available only to a special few Preacher: A person, often a member of the clergy, who gives religious talks and often performs religious ceremonies. Patronage: Receive favour in cash or kind I. Answer the following in one or two sentences: 1. What are the main teachings of the Upanishads? * The main teachings of the Upanishads are the atman and the Brahman. *The Upanishads also taught people to be compassionate, generous, honest, courageous and have self-control. 2. Why did the kshatriyas resent the domination of the brahmanas? *The kshatriyas resented the domination of the brahmanas as only the latter had knowledge of the Vedas and could perform rituals and sacrifices. 3. Why was Mahavira called jina? *The word Jina means 'conqueror of self'. *Mahavira was called jina because he had conquered his worldly desires. 4. What were the four sights that changed Siddhartha's life completely? *The four sights that changed Siddhartha's life completely were that of an old man,a sick man,a dead man and a holy man. 5. What are stupas? *Stupas are semi-spherical dome-like structures which contain the sacred remains of the Buddha or some Buddhist monk like a tooth, hair or a nail. II. Answer the following in four or five sentences: 6. Discuss the reasons for the emergence of new ideas in India around 6th century BCE. The reasons for the emergence of new ideas in India were*The caste system had become very rigid by the 6th century BCE. *The lower castes resented the supremacy of the brahmanas and the kshatriyas. *Rituals had become a complex and expensive affair.People yearned for simple life-style. *All the sacred hymns were composed in Sanskrit which was very difficult to understand by the common people. 7. What were the main teachings of Mahavira? *Mahavira taught people three things--------right faith, right knowledge and right behaviour.These teachings are known as triratna or three jewels. *He believed in ahimsa or non-violence. *He taught his followers not to speak lies and not to steal other people’s things. *He did not believe in religious ceremonies, rituals and sacrifices. *He opposed caste system and emphasised that people should be treated with respect and compassion. 8. What was the eightfold path? *The eightfold path was the key to end suffering and attain enlightenment. *It consisted of –a)right observation, b) right determination, c)right speech, d) right action, e)right livelihood, f)right effort , g)right memory, h) right meditation 9. What are the rules prescribed for Buddhist monks and nuns? *The sangha was the formal religious order of the Buddhists.Members belonged to various castes,professions and communities. *They had to follow the teachings of Buddha strictly. *They had to give up their family life and worldly possessions and spent most of their time in prayer and meditation. *Since they lived on charity, they were also known as ‘Bhikshus’ or beggars. 10. Write a note on Buddhist and Jain literature. *The Jains made a very valuable contribution to literature. *The teachings of Mahavira were transmitted orally for many years and were later compiled in Prakrit language in Vallabhi in Gujarat.Jain literature included epics, dramas and novels. *The religious literature of the Jains can be found in the Purvas and Angas. *The teachings of Buddhism are compiled in three books called Tripitakas. *They are the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka and the Abhidhamma Pitaka.