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The Korean War
The Korean peninsula
Russia
图们江
China
鸭绿江
Tumen River
Yalu River
Yellow
Sea
Sea of
Japan
Japan
200 km
The 38th parallel?
Russia
China
North
Korea
380N
South
Korea
Japan
Kim Jong Il
Japanese invasion and occupation
From
1910
to
1945
Korea peninsula occupied by
Japan
After the surrender of Japan in August 1945
Soviet
forces
occupied
land
to the north
of 380
American
forces
occupied
land
to the south
of 380
1948 : 2 new countries
Soviet
appointed
Leader
North
Korea
September 9,
1948,
Democratic
People's
Republic of
Korea
(D.P.R.K.)
Kim Il Sung
Elections
President
Syng
Man
Rhee
South
Korea
August 15,
1948,
Republic of
Korea
(R.O.K.)
Capitals and leaders
North
Korea
Pyongyang
South
Korea
Seoul
Kim Il Sung
Syng
Man
Rhee
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Korean War
1950 to 1953
devastated millions of lives
divided a people
involved troops from across the globe,
including China!
threatened to erupt into a Third World War
South Korea
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Colombia
Ethiopia
France
Greece
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Philippines
South Africa
Thailand
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
North Korea
China
Soviet Union
Estimated military strengths during the war
UN forces
Communist forces
South Korea
Australia
Belgium
Canada
Colombia
Ethiopia
France
590,000
17,000
900
27,000
Greece
Luxembourg
Netherlands
1,300
New Zealand
Philippines
1,400
South Africa
Thailand
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
North Korea
China
Soviet Union
260,000
780,000
26,000
1,000
1,300
3,500
50
4,000
7,000
850
1,300
5,500
63,000
480,000
1,205,110
Total
1,066,000
MIA
missing in action
POW prisoner of war
Casualties - Deaths - Approximations
North Korea
North Korea
: military
: civilian
China
:
316,000
1,000,000
460,000
South Korea : military 113,000
South Korea : civilian
547,000
US
: 33,000
UK
: 1,000
Turkey : 700
Canada
: 300
France :
290
Australia
: 340
Greece : 170
Columbia
: 140
Ethiopia
: 120
Neth.
: 110
Thailand
: 110
Belgium
: 100
Phillipines
:
90
36,470
Invasion
June - September 1950
UN Forces
Communist Forces
North Korean troops invaded South Korea
Why?
1. North Korea wanted a unified Korea
2. Stalin’s orders - spread communism!
The USSR supplied military equipment
1.
3.
Invasion Jun-Sep 1950
2.
4.
Invasion
The invasion was seen as an
act of aggression by the UN
The UN Security Council
called on North Korea
to with draw troops
This request was ignored
The Security Council then asked UN members to
send
troops to help South Korea
Why didn’t Stalin order the veto
of this resolution?
The Soviet Union was not present.
They were boycotting meetings
in protest against the UN’s
refusal to recognize Mao’s PRC
Counter Attack
September - October 1950
General
Macarthur
UN Forces
commander
UN Forces
Communist Forces
15 September Invasion forces land at Inchon
26 September Seoul recaptured
25 October
UN forces reach Yalu river
Chinese troops ‘massing’ on the border
1.
3.
Invasion Jun-Sep 1950
2.
4.
Counter attack Sep 1950
Zhou En Lai
China’s foreign minister
A warning!
China would enter the war
if UN forces entered North Korea
October 1950
Mao's Orders to the Volunteers for Korea
October 1950
[Excerpts from an order issued by Comrade Mao Zedong to the
Chinese People's Volunteers.]
To leading comrades of the Chinese People's Volunteers at all levels:
1. In order to support the Korean people's war of liberation and to
resist the attacks of U.S. imperialism and its running dogs, thereby
safeguarding the interests of the people of Korea, China and all the
other countries in the East, I herewith order the Chinese People's
Volunteers to march speedily to Korea and join the Korean comrades in
fighting the aggressors and winning a glorious victory.
2. While in Korea, the Chinese People's Volunteers must show fraternal
feelings and respect for the people, the People's Army, the Democratic
Government, the Workers' Party and the other democratic parties of
Korea as well as for Comrade Kim Il Sung, the leader of the Korean
people, and strictly observe military and political discipline. This is a
most important political basis for ensuring the fulfillment of your
military task.
3. You must fully anticipate various possible and inevitable difficulties
and be prepared to overcome them with great enthusiasm, courage,
care and stamina. At present, the international and domestic situation
as a whole is favorable to us, not to the aggressors. So long as you
comrades are firm and brave and are good at uniting with the people
there and at fighting the aggressors, final victory will be ours.
Chinese Advance
October 1950 - January 1951
Marshal Peng Dehuai
300,000 troops
entered North
Korea
November
1950
massive counter - offensive
December
1950
Seoul recaptured
UN troop evacuation
1.
Invasion Jun-Sep 1950
3. Chinese advancer Nov.1950
2. Counter attack Sep 1950
4.
Chinese Troops March into North Korea
Why do you think that China joined the war?
1.
2.
3.
Chinese army unit
Chinese commanders confer
Marshal Peng Dehuai with aide
Marshal Peng Dehuai
with Premier Kim Il Sung of North Korea
Chinese troops enjoying a hot meal
Knocked out North Korean tank
Zhou Enlai visits wounded Chinese soldiers
Armistice
January 1951 - July 1953
March 1951 UN forces reoccupy Seoul
April 1951
Truman dismisses Macarthur
July 1951
Truce talks begin
July 1953
Armistice signed!
1.
Invasion Jun-Sep 1950
3. Chinese advancer Nov.1950
2. Counter attack Sep 1950
4. Armistice July 1953
Armisitice
January 1951 - July 1953
March 1951 UN forces reoccupy Seoul
and advance over 38 parallel
April 1951
Truman dismisses Macarthur
July 1951
Truce talks begin
July 1953
Armistice signed!
The Korean War - a summary
The Korean War was the first…
…armed conflict of the cold war.
The two superpowers were involved but
avoided…
…direct confrontation and nuclear war.
The Soviet Union did not enter the war
directly. For them it was a …
…proxy or limited war.
The United States fought the war ……
…as a member of the United Nations.
The Korean War was the first war fought by …
…the new UN, RoK, DPRK and PRC.
What gains did the ‘Koreans’ get from the war?
•
None!
What losses did the ‘Koreans’ suffer from the war?
massive loss of life and destruction in north
and south!
•
• the two Koreas remained divided…and still are!
What gains did the United Nations
get from the war?
• seen to act promptly
• gained support from 14 countries
What losses did the United Nations
suffer from the war?
• some argue that it should not have been
involved in war
• over 17,000 casualties
• seen by many as a US ‘puppy’
What gains did the China
get from the war?
• help to prevent North Korea,
a communist neighbor, from ‘falling’.
• gained honor from resisting ‘western’ forces.
• was able to still have North Korea
as a buffer zone protecting what was
then its main industrial region
What losses did the China suffer from the war?
• bore main burden of the war
• massive loss of life
• failed to gain back Taiwan!
• being used by the Soviets as a proxy!
• decline of Sino-Soviet relations
What gains did the Soviets
get from the war?
• Stalin showed that he was the ‘boss’.
• arms sales
• testing of military equipment and people
What losses did the Soviets
suffer from the war?
• failure to secure a North Korean victory
• massive cost to the national economy
• decline of Sino-Soviet relations
What gains did the United States
get from the war?
• ‘success’ of Truman’s containment policy
• realizing the need for containment
in the rest of SE Asia
• US military increased in size!
What losses did the United States
suffer from the war?
• initially ill-prepared for war
• over 36,000 servicemen killed
• McCarthyism!
In January 1952
Dwight D Eisenhower became the new
American president
On November 29, 1952,
U.S. President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower
fulfilled a campaign promise by going to Korea
to find out what could be done to end the conflict.
The task of the peacemakers
was made much easier because
of……….
Stalin
21 December 1879
5 March 1953
In January 1952
Dwight D Eisenhower became the new
American president
With the U.N.’s acceptance
of India’s proposal for a Korean armistice,
a cease-fire was established on July 27, 1953,
by which time the front line was back
around the proximity of the 38th parallel,
and so a demilitarized zone (DMZ)
was established around it
In January 1952
Dwight D Eisenhower became the new
American president
A demilitarized zone (DMZ)
was established around it,
and it is still defended to this day by
North Korean troops on one side and
South Korean and American troops on the other.
Panmunjon
A village of northwest South Korea
just south of the 38th parallel.
Truce negotiations for the Korean War
were held here
from October 1951 to July 27, 1953,
when the truce was officially signed.
The Korean DMZ
demilitarised zone
it is 248 km long and approximately 4 km wide,
it is the most heavily armed border in the world
Panmunjeom, the Joint Security Area in the DMZ.
View from the North...
... and the South side.
Your essay
Discuss why and how the Cold War turned into a
‘hot’ but ‘limited’ war
in the Korean peninsula
from 1945 to 1951.
Discuss the roles of the Soviet Union, the United
States and China
in the Korean peninsula
between 1945 and 1951.
North Korea - Troop Strength/Deployments
700,000 troops,
8,000 artillery systems,
and 2,000 tanks,
are garrisoned within 160 km of the DMZ
In South Korea
As of 29 March 29, 2000,
there were 35,584 US troops
assigned to in the ROK:
Army (26,782),
Air Force (8,305),
Navy (407) and
Marines (90).
What does Document A reveal about the US naval
response proposed by Acheson immediately following
North Korea's invasion of South Korea?
What message is portrayed by Document B?
Compare and contrast the accounts of the invasion of
South Korea given in Documents C and D.
With reference to their origin and purpose, assess
the value and limitations of Documents A and C
for historians studying the outbreak of the
Korean War.
Using these documents and your own knowledge,
how far do you agree with the judgment, ‘The
Korean War transformed the Cold War’.
Karl Marx
German Jew
1818 to 1883
Industrial Revolution
Writer and philosopher
Communist Manifesto
Das Kapital
Dictatorship of the prolotariat
stateless, classless society
workers
middle class
land and all its resources
labour
capital ( equipment)
enterprise
FoP mainly owned by individual and companies
with profit being the main motive
FoP owned by the state, individual and companies
state more important than individual
property is publicly owned and each person works
and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
Marx said that the proletariat should rise up and
overthrow the bourgeoisie
workers
middle class