Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Electricity from Chemical Reactions Electrochemistry • The production of electrical energy from chemical reactions • Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons • Redox means that reduction and oxidation are occurring simultaneously Reduction • Occurs when there is a decrease in oxidation number Zn2+ Zn • Gains electrons • Loses Oxygen • Converting a complex substance into a simpler form i.e. smelting iron to produce the pure metal iron Oxidation • Occurs where there is an increase in oxidation number Zn Zn2+ • Loses electrons • Gains oxygen • The reaction used to describe the reaction of any substance with oxygen Determining Oxidation Numbers • The atoms in elements have an Oxidation Number of zero eg Fe, C, Cl2 • For a neutral molecule, the sum of the oxidation numbers are zero eg CO2 • For a monatomic ion, the oxidation number is the same as it’s charge Cl – , Na+ Determining Oxidation Numbers • Oxygen usually takes – 2 in compounds. In peroxides (H2O2 & BaO2) it is – 1 • Hydrogen takes + 1 in compounds, except in hydrides (NaH, CaH2) where it takes – 1 Determining Oxidation Numbers • For a polyatomic ion, the sum of the oxidation numbers of its component atoms is the same as its charges • For polyatomic molecules or ions, the, most electronegative element has a negative oxidation number and the least electronegative element has a positive oxidation number Redox Half Reactions • Consider the reaction when a strip of zinc is dropped in a solution of Copper Sulphate • Zn(s) + Cu 2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) • Electrons are transferred from zinc atoms to copper ions • Reaction occurs spontaneously, that is with no external force or energy being applied Redox Half Reactions • Redox reactions consist of two half reactions • Oxidation Zn(s) Zn2+(aq) + 2e–1 • Reduction Cu 2+(aq) + 2e–1 Cu(s) • It is possible to use redox reactions to produce electricity Galvanic Cells • Also called Electrochemical Cells • Achieved by separating the half equations into half cells • Transferred electrons are forced to pass through an external circuit • Such an apparatus is called a Galvanic Cell Galvanic Cells zinc – Flow of electrons + copper Salt bridge 2+ Zn Negative Electrode (ANODE) Cu 2+ Positive Electrode (CATHODE) Standard Electrode Potentials • The electrical potential of a galvanic cell is the ability of the cell to produce an electric current. • Electrical potential is measured in volts • Cannot measure the electrode potential of an isolated half cell • Can measure the difference in in potential between two connected half cells Standard Electrode Potentials • Electrical potential of a cell results from competition between 2 half cells for electrons • Half cell with the greatest tendency to attract electrons will undergo REDUCTION • Other half cell will lose electrons and undergo OXIDATION Standard Electrode Potentials • The Reduction Potential of a half cell is a measure of the tendency of the oxidant to accept electrons and so undergo reduction • The difference between the reduction potentials of the two half cells is called the Cell Potential Difference Standard Electrode Potentials • The Standard Cell Potential Difference (E0 cell) is the measured cell potential difference when the concentration of each species = 1M, pressure = 1 atm and Temp = 25 C • E0 cell = E0 oxidant – E0 reductant Standard Electrode Potentials • A Standard Hydrogen Half cell is used as a comparative measure the reduction potentials of other cells • The SHE is given a value of 0.00 V • All other half cells are given a reduction potential value in comparison to this SHE by being connected to it Standard Hydrogen Electrode Glass sleeve Platinum wire Salt Bridge to Other half-cell 1.00M Acid solution Platinum electrode H2 gas (1 Atm) Standard Hydrogen Electrode • SHE is used to measure reduction potential of other cells • If a species accepts electrons more readily than hydrogen, its electrode potential is positive • If a species accepts electrons less readily than hydrogen, its electrode potential is negative Electrochemical Series • The reaction that is higher on the electrochemical series will occur as it appears and will reverse the direction of the reaction that occurs lower on the table Potential Difference • Is measured by a volt meter • Can be estimated by using electrochemical series • Connect Mg2+/Mg and Cl2/Cl– half cells get a potential difference of 3.7V • Looking at the electrochemical series Potential Difference • • • • Cl2 + 2e– Cl– has an E0 of 1.36V – 0 2+ Mg + 2e Mg has an E of – 2.38V The potential difference can be calculated 1.36 – (– 2.38) = 3.74V Galvanic Cells • Primary Cells – Produce energy until one component is used up, then discarded • Secondary Cells – Store energy and may be recharged Primary Cells • Dry Cells • Alkaline Cells • Button Cells Dry Cells • The ordinary zinc – carbon cell • Anode oxidation (–) – Zn (s) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e – • Cathode oxidation (+) – 2MnO2 (s) + NH4+ (aq) + 2e– Mn2O2 (s) + 2NH3 (aq) + H2O (l) Dry Cells • The new cell produces about 1.5V • Once reaction reaches equilibrium its “flat” Dry Cell Metal Cap (+) Mixture of Carbon & Manganese Dioxide Ammonium Chloride & Zinc Chloride Electrolyte Anode Zinc Case (–) Cathode Carbon Rod Alkaline Cells • The ordinary zinc – carbon cell • Anode oxidation (–) – Zn (s) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2e – • Immediately reacts with OH – ions in the electrolyte to form zinc hydroxide – Zn (s) + 2OH –(aq) Zn(OH)2 (s) + 2e – Alkaline Cells • Cathode reduction (+) – 2MnO2 (s) + H2O(l) + 2e– MnO2 (s) + OH –(aq) + H2O (l) • Five times the life of the dry cell Alkaline Cell Metal Cap (+) Cathode outer steel case Potassium Hydroxide Electrolyte Powdered Zinc Anode Steel or Brass Mixture of Carbon & Manganese Dioxide Metal Base (–) Button Cells • Used in very small applications like watches, cameras etc. • Two main types • Mercury zinc and silver zinc • Anode Oxidation (–) – Zn (s) + 2OH –(aq) Zn(OH)2 (s) + 2e – Button Cells • Cathode Reduction (+) • depends on the type of battery – HgO(s) + H2O (l) + 2e – Hg (l) + 2OH –(aq) – Ag2O(s)+H2O (l) + 2e – 2Ag (s) + 2OH (aq) • Produce an almost constant 1.35V Button Cell Metal Cap (–) Zinc Powder Electrolyte Mercury Oxide Cathode outer container of nickel or steel (+) Secondary Cells • Lead – Acid (Car Battery) • Nickel cadmium Cells • Fuel Cells Lead Acid Battery • Car Batteries p 211-2 • Also called storage batteries or accumulators • Each cell produces 2 volts so typical 12 volt car battery contains 6 cells • Both electrodes are lead plates separated by some porous material like cardboard Lead Acid Battery • Positive electrode is coated with PbO2 Lead (IV) Oxide • The electrolyte is a solution of 4M sulfuric acid Lead Acid Battery • Anode Oxidation (–) • Pb(s) + SO4 2- PbSO4 (s) + 2e – • Cathode Reduction (+) • PbO2(s) + SO4 2- + 4H+ + 2e – PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l) • Overall Reaction • Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 (s) +2H2O (l) Nickel Cadmium Cells • • • • Often called Nicads Electrodes are Nickel and Cadmium Electrolyte is Potassium Hydroxide Reactions involve the hydroxides of the two metals Nickel Cadmium Cells • Anode (Oxidation) (– ) • Cd (s) + 2OH– (aq) Cd(OH)2 (s) + 2 e– • Cathode (Reduction) (+) • NiO-OH (s) + H2O (l) + e– Ni(OH)2 (s) + OH– (aq) • Overall Reaction – Cd (s) +NiO-OH(s) + H2O(l) Cd(OH)2 (s)+ Ni(OH)2 (s) Fuel Cells • Limitation of dry cells looked at so far is that they contain reactants in small amounts and when they reach equilibrium. • Primary Cells are then discarded, secondary cells are then recharged • A cell that can be continually fed reactants would overcome this and allow for a continual supply of electricity Fuel Cells • Fuel cells transform chemical energy directly into electrical energy • 60% efficiency • Space Program uses hydrogen and oxygen with an electrolyte of Potassium Hydroxide Fuel Cells • Anode Oxidation (–) – H2(g) + 2OH –(aq) 2H2O (l) + 2e– • Cathode Reduction (+) – O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– 4OH–(aq) • Overall Equation – H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O (l) Hydrogen Oxygen Fuel Cell – + Electrolyte Oxygen Gas Inlet Hydrogen Gas Inlet Porous Anode Porous Cathode Water outlet