Download Big Idea I: Evolution Qs

BIG IDEA I: EVOLUTION
1.
A.
C.
These are partial DNA sequences for a gene that encodes for a protein that differs in all three animals.
The spaghetti tree has two alleles for leaf acidity, “A” and “a”. “a” causes the leaves to have a pH
closer to 7, which makes them more delectable to their predators, the boll weevils. “A” shows
incomplete dominance over “a”. Which graph shows the frequency of A overtime with a population
size of 100? (1.3)
B.
Speckled frog:
Blue Jay:
Rattlesnake:
3.
4.
Why have the Jamalihs Jays remained one species even though they are spread out between three
islands? (1.8)
A) The bottleneck effect has reduced the amount of genetic variation in the Jamalihs Jays
B) Migration reduces the amount of genetic drift in a small population.
C) There are a limited number of resources on each island and the Jays have reached their
carrying capacity.
D) Speciation has occurred since they occupy different niches
5.
The Jamalihs Jays are similarly related to the Pretumin Jays on the nearby continent Cantabira.
While the male Pretumin Jays have very large eye feathers, the Jamalihs Jays instead have large tail
feathers. In an experiment, male Jamilihs Jays were taken to Cantabira to see if the females would
mate with them. The females ignored the Jamalihs Jays even though they could potentially mate and
produce offspring. What does this signify? (1.4, 1.5, 1.8)
A) The Pretumin Jays have evolved to sexually select for large eye feathers.
B) The Jamilihs Jays are too divergent from the Pretumin Jays to coexist in the same continent.
C) Natural selection tells the females to only mate with males who are strong enough to care for
their young.
D) None of the answers above correctly signify the results of the experiment.
6.
The ring-tailed lemur lives in kily trees in Madagascar, eats insects, and can live from 20-25 years in
the wild. Their main predators are hawks that recognize the lemurs by their color. Over a short
period, soot from a nearby factory in Madagascar makes the tree barks significantly darker. What
will happen? (1.5)
A) The population of the hawks will die out because they no longer identify the usual color pattern
which they have long used to recognize the lemurs.
B) The lemurs will be selected for darker fur.
C) The kily trees will grow in population due to lack of presence of lemurs in them.
D) The hawks will be selected for the ability to recognize darker colors.
7.
In a population, 16% of the individuals are born with a homozygous recessive disease. If the
population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percentage of the population is heterozygous?
(1.6-1.7)
A) 84%
B) 48%
C) 12%
D) 57%
D.
Using the graph above, which explains the changes in the genetic makeup of the population over
time? [1.4]
A) White Moths declined since they could not camouflage as well as Black Moths
B) The allele for White Moths declined, therefore the allele for Black Moths had a greater chance
of being passed on.
C) Black Moths attracted predators, such as birds and White Moths do not
D) Due to genetic drift and natural selection, the Moth’s genetic makeup changed to mostly Black
Moths
Which correctly explains the evolutionary relationship between the three species? (1.5/1.1/1.2)
A) The rattlesnakes bask in sunlight for thermoregulation causing more ultraviolet light to mutate
their DNA resulting in the gene differences with the blue jay and rattlesnake.
B) The speckled frogs isolation on the Galapagos islands caused its population to be smaller
resulting in more genetic drift that led to a divergent genome.
C) The rattlesnakes diverged from the common ancestor of blue jays and speckled frogs.
D) The rattlesnake is most closely related to the blue jay since the speckled frog diverged as a
species first.
The data below shows the populations of Jamalihs Jays from the Tantropesioan Islands in the south
Pacific. These Islands are all small and in close proximity to one another and the birds easily migrate from
one Island to the other. Jamalihs Jays recognize each other by a distinct mating call the had often been
compared to the call of the nesting redwood owl.
Island 1: 60 Jays
Island 2: 72 Jays
Island 3: 69 Jays
A mutation in the Moth population created two very distinct characteristics, Black and White Moths.
White Moths were faster, but lacked camouflage while Black Moths were slower, but camouflaged easier.
2.
CCCTAAGTACGGTAGGCG
CCCTAAGTACGGTAGGCC
CCCAAAGTGCGGCAGAAG
8.
The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is a plant that uses trigger hairs to capture insects, which are
digested by enzymes in the “stomach” created between the flytrap’s lobes. Digestion of an insect
takes approximately ten days, after which all that remains is the insect’s exoskeleton. While most
carnivorous organisms eat producers or other consumers for the sugars they cannot make
themselves, the Venus flytrap both consumes other organisms and performs photosynthesis. Why
might a Venus flytrap need to “eat” insects if it makes its own sugars? (1.5)
A) Venus fly traps grow in soil that is poor in nitrogen and phosphorus, and they must obtain these
nutrients from insects.
B) Droughts common in Venus flytrap habitats keep them from performing photosynthesis due to
lack of water, so they absorb water from the cytoplasm of insects in order to complete
photosynthesis.
C) Lobes of the Venus flytrap are made from chitin, which is found in insects’ exoskeleton.
D) The Venus flytrap is both a producer and consumer in the food web.
Use the following information and graph to help answer questions 12-14:
In a forested environment, a single species of wolf hunts a single species of rabbit. Rock slides from a
nearby mountain creates an impenetrable barrier in the middle of the forest which is surrounded by rivers
on both sides. This causes both the rabbit and the wolf population to be divided into two separate
populations. After many generations of surviving with this barrier, humans remove the barrier for
facilitation of the exploration and inhabitation of the area. This causes the two long separated populations
to once again, be united. However, now the rabbits of each side exhibit small differences with each other
while wolves from each side of the barrier have minor differences with each other. There are no
differences observed between the vegetation of the two sides.
The red frog, blue frog, and purple frog are different species that inhabit the same area in the Amazon
rainforest. They are all prey of toucans and pit vipers. The blue frogs are lethally poisonous to predators,
the red frogs are poisonous but not fatal to predators, and the purple frogs have a bodily slime that tastes
unappealing to predators. The red frogs are adept tree climbers and the blue frogs have a specific mating
croak pattern. The frogs don’t survive well in high water situations. Consider the following chart that
shows the percentage that each frog makes up in a given area over the course of 50 generations.
Generation:
9.
1
25
50
Red frogs
35
15
7
Blue frogs
45
35
13
Purple frogs
20
50
80
Which evolutionary process best explains the chart? (1.13/1.9/1.1)
A) Genetic Drift due to changing climatic patterns
B) Bottleneck Effect caused by continuous flooding of the Amazon River
C) Mullerian Mimicry in response to predation
D) Natural Selection due to selective predation
10. A similar grouping of frogs live down the Amazon River in an area that is not inhabited by toucans
or pit vipers. However, the atretochoana lives there. This tetrapod is most closely resembled to a
salamander, but the atretochoana lacks eyes and lungs. The atretochoana is a predator of all three
types of frogs. What pattern would the evolution of the frog species follow during the rainy season if
their primary predator in the area was the atretochoana? (1.8)
A) The blue frog population would increase due to the atretochoana avoiding it due to its lethally
poisonous toxins
B) The red frog would become more populous than the blue or purple due to its superior tree
climbing skills when the river floods
C) The purple frog population will decrease drastically due to increased atretochoana predation
because the atretochoana is conditioned to avoid the poisonous red and blue frogs
D) The frog species will reach an equilibrium, with all of them accounting for about ⅓ of the local
frog population
11. Which of the following directly supports the theory of the commonality of all of life?
(1.12/1.16/1/15)
A) Stromatolites in the fossil record that show evidence of cyanobacteria from 3.7 bya.
B) The use of operons in mammalian epithelial cells to direct gene expression.
C) The use of a common 4 letter genetic code among cells.
D) The divergence of finches in the Galapagos islands to become specialized to their unique
environment.
12. The graph above represents the changes in population sizes of wolves and rabbits over time. Which
species, if any, most likely compete over resources according to this graph? (1.12/1.9)
A) Rabbits A & B.
B) Wolves 1 & 2.
C) Both rabbits A & B and wolves 1 & 2.
D) No species compete over their resources.
13. Which statements are correct according to this graph? (1.13/1.4)
(I) The populations of wolf 1 and wolf 2 are independent of one another.
(II) The populations of rabbit A and rabbit B are independent of one another.
(III) The population of wolf 1 depends on the population of rabbit A, and the population
of wolf 2 depends on the population of rabbit.
A) I & II only.
B) I & III only.
C) II & III only.
D) I, II & III.
14. What is the best explanation for the fluctuations of the wolf populations? (1.4/1.5)
A) The predation of rabbits by the wolves causes a decrease in rabbit population, which in turn,
causes a decrease in wolf population.
B) Competition between wolves A and B cause the fluctuations in the populations.
C) Environmental factors that favour the wolf 1 individuals cause an increase in the wolf 1
population and a decrease in wolf 2 population and vice versa.
D) None of the statements correctly explains the fluctuations of the wolf populations.
15. Huntington’s disease is a dominant genetic disorder that affects neural functioning. This disease
usually shows first symptoms in the mid-adult life and is always fatal. The huntingtin gene codes for
a protein also called huntingtin. Expansion of a CAG triplet results in a mutated huntingtin protein.
Which one of these graphs (of the Huntington’s disease allele frequency vs. time) illustrates a small
population affected by huntington’s disease? (1.4, 1.8, and 1.22)
a.
b.
c.
d.
17. Lungs evolved in fish from a pouching of the gastrointestinal system to increase surface area for
diffusion of gases across respiratory membranes. In fish, lungs served for both gas exchange and
buoyancy control. While a “gas bladder” is still used by most modern fish for buoyancy control, gills
are the most common structure for gas exchange in fish. Use of lungs for gas exchange is now
predominantly a trait of land animals. Whales, however, use lungs for gas exchange and do not have
separate gas bladders. Which of the following best explains why whales and dolphins have lungs?
(1.17)
A) Lungs in whales evolved independently of those in land animals.
B) Lungs are a vestigial structure in whales, whose evolution diverged from that of fish after
developing blow holes, which are used to breathe.
C) Ancestors of whales were lunged land mammals that evolved to return to aquatic
environments.
D) Whales swim to the water’s surface to breathe, and they exchange approximately 90% of the
air in their lungs at every surfacing.
16. The chart below shows physical traits of different animal species, labeled 1-5. According to the data
shown in the chart, which phylogenetic tree is the most appropriate representation of how the
represented species evolved? (1.18-1.19)
SPECIES #
1
2
3
4
5
A)
C)
Vertebrae
X
X
X
X
X
Bony skeleton
X
X
X
X
X
B)
D)
Amniotic egg
Hair
X
X
X
X
X
X
18. Corvus brachyrhynchos (American crows), which live in the majority of North America, have
recently developed a beneficial mutation which allows for increased acuity in eyesight. Corvus
cryptoleucus (Chihuahuan ravens), which live in Mexico and the United States, have not developed
any similar mutations over the same time period. All these organisms were contained in a 5 km2
arboretum. (1.22-1.23)
Year
Number of Corvus
brachyrhynchos deaths.
Number of Corvus
cryptoleucus deaths.
1
357 deaths
296 deaths
2
372 deaths
303 deaths
3 (Year on which
mutation occurred)
361 deaths
270 deaths
4
280 deaths
326 deaths
5
267 deaths
333 deaths
Egg shell
X
X
What most likely accounts for the trends seen in this graph?
A) The ravens started dying more due the fights that broke out with the more-likely-to-win crows.
B) Due to improved eyesight the crows are now catching more food which causes there to be less
food for the ravens in the vicinity.
C) The food now runs more swiftly from predators due to a mutation which outmatched the
abilities of the ravens.
D) The crows performed altruism allowing the crows to eat more food that was available.
19. Ceti viridi (Green Whales) lived in the Pacific Ocean 5 million years ago. From the period between 5
m.y.a. and 1 m.y.a. the Pacific ocean was abruptly divided by a mountain range that sprung out of
the middle of the ocean. The Green Whales were separated in the process into now two completely
separate oceans and developed separately for four million years. The whales close to Asia developed
fat filled bumps on their skin which allowed for greater heat retaining ability. The whales near the
Americas developed smoother skin which allowed for streamlined swimming to catch swift prey.
When the mountains eroded 1 m.y.a. the two oceans merged again along with the two different
species of whales. Since then the oceans have dramatically decreased in temperature. Now only the
Megaptera novaeangliae (humpback whales) exist and the others species became extinct. What most
likely accounts for the extinction of the smooth whales? [1.24-1.25]
A) The humpback whales could survive longer during famine from the extra storage of fat.
B) The smooth whales could move more swiftly to catch prey.
C) The humpback whales were able to withstand the cold with its heat retaining fat bumps.
D) The phenomena occurred randomly.
20. The human arm consists of the humerus, ulna, radius, wrist bones, and fingers. These bones appear
very similar in other organisms as well. For example, a bird or bat’s wing and a dolphin or whale’s
flipper are structured similarly. Even though these structures looks the same, they have different
functions. What answer best explains this idea? (1.10, 1.11 and 1.16)
A) homologous structures
B) reproductive isolation
C) analogous structures
D) natural selection
21. A population of lizards lives in the Sierra-Nevada mountains of California and have hawks as their
key predator. During the winter, the pinnacles of the mountains are covered with snow. This spring,
the snowmelt produced a river that flowed through the population of the lizards. Now, separated
through geographical isolation, what will happen first to the two groups of lizards? (1.20 and 1.21)
A) Both groups will become extinct.
B) Speciation will occur between the two groups.
C) The hawk will become extinct.
D) The two groups will become adapted to their new environments.
A.
B.
C.
D.
24. Which of the following supports the claim that organisms share many conserved core processes that
evolved from a common ancestor? [1.16]
A) Both bats and dolphins use echolocation to navigate their environments.
B) Mitochondria have DNA and ribosomes.
C) The genetic code to make DNA polymerase is similar in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
D) Cephalopods, cnidaria and vertebrates have advanced camera eyes.
22. Which of the following supports the scientific claim of common ancestry for all living organisms?
A) Both cyanobacteria and plants perform photosynthesis to make simple sugars
B) Living cells must perform cellular respiration to generate ATP for accessible energy
C) Mutations in different populations of the same species can lead to speciation
D) Some living organisms pass on their genetic code by binary fission
23. Ten small isolated populations of ring-tailed lemurs live on an island off of Australia. The above
graph represents a single allele frequency vs. time (in generations) for the ten isolated populations
(represented as different lines). If migration begins between the populations, which of the following
graphs best represents the future situation? [1.3]
25. According to the diagram above, the forelimbs of humans, whales, cats, and bats have similar
skeletal structures. Each limb includes a humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
Which of the following is the best explanation for the similar skeletal structures between dissimilar
organisms? [1.15]
A) Only the best-adapted organism can survive.
B) Random mutations in dissimilar organisms selected for similar structures.
C) These dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a common, distant ancestor.
D) Mass extinctions caused any other skeletal structures to disappear.
26. While on an excursion, scientists discovered several new plants species in South America. The
following chart shows their nucleotide differences for a single gene:
Which of the following cladograms best represents this data? [1.18]
28. Norwegian scientists plan to conduct an experiment to provide proof of speciation, according to the
biological species concept. Which experiment provides the most evident data in favor of biological
speciation? [1.21]
A) A type of squirrel is put onto two different sides of a canyon. The squirrels end up developing
slightly different fur patterns but are never given the chance to mate.
B) A type of salmon is separated into two different lakes. Over a period of time the salmon
maintain the same mating pattern but develop slight differences in head shape. When
reintroduced they still produce fertile offspring.
C) Two different breeds of dogs are bred together and successfully produce a mutt that shows
characteristics of both parents.
D) A group of birds with a specific mating dance is separated into two groups. Over a period of
time both groups develop their own mating dance and the two groups can no longer mate with
each other.
29. Gene A is a gene for artery wall development. The gene is heterozygous lethal because it causes
severe wall hardening while Homozygous A and Homozygous B have no noticeable side effects.
Which graph properly depicts the genotype of the population in the future? [1.22]
A.
B.
C.
D.
A)
B)
C)
D)
27. Three species all come from a common ancestor. Species C alone has a hypersensitive olfactory
sense. All three species have fur. Species B and C both have a bipedal gait. Given this information
identify the most parsimonious cladogram where dashes indicate a change in the species. [1.19]
A)
C)
B)
D)
30. Bruce and Jim need to test their company’s antibiotic on Staphylococcus aureus, a bacteria
frequently found in the human respiratory tract and on the skin. They decided to give their
antibiotics to a culture of S. aureus once every day to see how long it would take to kill all of the
bacteria. Bruce was dumbfounded when he saw that after 10 days the bacteria population began to
grow again. Jim knows an explanation for this. What is Jim thinking? [1.26]
A)
B)
C)
D)
Day 1
Day 4
Day 7
Day 10
Day 13
Day 16
Number of bacteria
1000
650
238
148
204
486
Survival Rate
1
.65
.37
.148
1.38
2.382
Due to high temperatures, the bacteria were able to reproduce more rapidly after Day 10.
Some bacteria were resistant to the antibiotic and continued reproducing.
Bruce gave the bacteria a mixture rich in phosphates and nitrates on Day 10.
Cannot interpret from this data.
31. Two species of garter snakes in the genus Thamnophis occur in the same geographic region, but one
lives in water while the other is primarily terrestrial. This is an example of reproductive isolation by
habitat. Which of the following describes a reproductive isolation regarding a postzygotic barrier?
[1.23]
A) Spilogale putorius and Spilogale gracilis mate during different times of the year.
B) Sperm from one species are not being able to fertilize the eggs of the other species.
C) The courtship dances of the two species are not recognized by the other species.
D) The offspring of matings between the two species are sterile.
32. Because of a natural disaster a population of desert lizards migrated into a new habitat, a forest. The
lizards are light brown colored so they can blend in with the sand, but over time while living in the
forest the lizards started producing a darker pigment to adapt to their new environment enabling
them to blend in with tree bark to hide from predators. Over the next 5 years the ratio of light bodied
lizards to dark bodied are observed within the population. Which graph illustrates evolution as an
ongoing process? [1.26]
33. Stanley Miller and Harold Urey performed an experiment (pictured previously) that simulated the
conditions that would occur on a very early earth. Gases were placed in the sealed off chamber and
exposed to different natural occurrences on Earth, such as electricity (lightning) and heat. In this
experiment they provided evidence that... [1.27, 1.28, 1.30]
A) hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and water (H2O) were present in Earth's early
atmosphere.
B) life could not survive in early Earth’s strongly reducing atmosphere.
C) organic gases could generate inorganic molecules that were essential to to the origin of life on
Earth.
D) organic molecules such as amino acids could be generated from gases in earth’s early
atmosphere.
34. Miller found that some molecules necessary for life were generated by this experiment. What is the
best conclusion that can be made from this data? [1.28]
A) Early life originated thanks to self replicating RNA that codes for its own replication.
B) The heat and pressure from asteroids hitting the Earth’s surface generated organic molecules
necessary for life.
C) The molecules necessary for life could have been made in the conditions of early Earth.
D) The oceans served as baths of nutrient rich water that allowed early organic molecules to form
the first unicellular organisms..
35. This above image shows banded iron formation which could have formed when hydrothermal fluids,
from interactions between seawater and hot oceanic crust from deep in the Earth's mantle, mixed
with surface seawater. This mixing triggered the oscillating production of iron- and silica-rich
minerals, which were deposited in layers on the seafloor. The red bands are present due to oxidation.
From the information above, what must have been true at this time? (1.32)
A) Soil deposits must have been present for the bands to have occurred
B) Photosynthesis must have been occurring
C) This rock had to have been covered in a thin layer of water
D) This rock must have absorbed the volcanic gases present in the atmosphere.
36. Aves (birds) are classified by their hollow bones which makes them lighter and requires less energy
for flight. Like mammals, birds are homeothermic. Refer to the cladogram above, which was
generated by full genomic comparisons. If mammals and birds were classified as Order
Homeothermia, which answer best describes both the group and their shared trait of homeothermy?
(1.17)
A) The group is paraphyletic and the traits are analogous.
B) The group is polyphyletic and the trait is homologous.
C) The group is paraphyletic and the trait is homologous.
D) The group is polyphyletic and the traits are analogous.
37. Animal A, animal B, animal C and animal D all share a common ancestor. All four animals are
omnivorous and three animals live in Peru and the fourth (animal D) migrated from Peru to Chile.
Animal C is closely related to A and animal D, but it is farther from Animal B. Animal B is farthest
from Animal A. Animal C has almost been wiped to extinction, and is now on an endangered species
list. Animal A shares a more recent common ancestor with Animal C than with animal D. From the
trees given below, which is most likely to be the tree described above? [1.19]
Year
1976
1978
1984
1989
1993
1997
2001
A)
B)
C)
D)
A
B
C
Rainfall (mm)
23
25
30
34
36
35
41
Medium ground finches will be unable to survive the accumulation of water on the island, and
many will drown.
The medium ground finch population will rise due to availability of new plants to eat.
The beak size will decrease slightly in order to adapt to the abundance of smaller seeds the rain
produces.
The finches will not be affected.
D
A black-tailed deer native to Angel Island
Note: The horizontal axis of figure (a) is divided into all twelve months of the year, beginning with the
month of July, and ending with the month of January. Use figure (a) for questions 40 and 41.
38. In 1976 there was a heavy drought on Daphne Major, causing the availability of small and soft seeds
to decrease while the availability of hard and large seeds increased. After almost two years of a
largely skewed birth to death ratio within the Geospiza fortis species, the population began to rebuild
its numbers around December 1977, at which point scientists measured an average 10% increase in
beak size. Which of the following best explains the finch’s new characteristic? (1.25)
A) Genetic drift leads to directional allele frequency migration towards the old mean.
B) The lack of water on Daphne Major caused a phenomenon of beak-swelling in the Geospiza
fortis population.
C) The chromosomes for medium ground finches have an allele for large beaks, but the allele for
smaller beaks is dominant. The increase in beak size is simply the result of increased mating
habits of larger-beaked finches.
D) Larger-beaked finches were able to eat larger seeds more efficiently than the smaller-beaked
finches, thus outcompeting them for food and becoming a larger proportion of the population.
39. During the drought, an average of 24 mm of rain fell on Daphne Major. After the drought, the
Geospiza fortis population rose steadily into the 1980s and 1990s as precipitation levels remained at
a consistent 30 to 40 mm. Scientists kept steady measurements of medium ground finch beak size
during this time and noticed that the beaks did not steadily increase as they had from 1976 to 1978.
At the beginning of 2002, the predicted precipitation level ranged around 45 mm. What effect will
the excess rainfall have on the medium ground finch? (1.22)
40. Scientists theorize that Angel Island’s black-tailed deer (pictured above) arrived on Angel Island in
San Francisco by swimming across the Raccoon Strait from the Tiburon Peninsula. When Angel
Island became a state park, the deer population skyrocketed due to the hunting ban previously in
place for the Coast Miwok Indians. A scientist took mitochondrial genome samples from a native
Angel Island deer and a Tiburon Peninsula deer, aligned them, and determined the number of base
pair differences in order to determine whether or not speciation had occurred. Her alignment resulted
in more than 500 base pair differences, so she proposed another test to solidify her conclusion.
Which of the following experiments would give her solid evidence to determine whether a speciation
of the two populations of deer had occurred? (1.23)
A) Mating the offspring of said Angel Island deer crossed with Tiburon Peninsula deer. If the
offspring are unable to produce fertile offspring, the Tiburon and Angel Island deer are
separate species.
B) Mating two Angel Island deer to determine if speciation had occurred. If the offspring of the
two deer can reproduce, the Angel Island deer are a separate species from the Tiburon
Peninsula deer.
C) Both methods above would provide further evidence for determination of speciation of the
black-tailed deer on Angel Island.
D) None of these options is correct.
GRID-IN QUESTIONS:
41. (GRID IN) In a population of wild horses that live in Utah there are three color phenotypes
observed, chestnut (HBHB), white (HWHW) and palomino (HB HW). Out of 459 horses, there are 59
chestnut horses and 201 palomino horses, what is the frequency of HW? (1.6)
42. (GRID IN) Homocystinuria is an inherited autosomal recessive disorder of the metabolism of the
amino acid methionine, often involving cystathionine beta synthase. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg
conditions, if 25 percent of a population is affected by homocystinuria, what percentage of the next
generation will be carriers of the disease? (The Hardy-Weinberg equation is p 2 +2pq + q 2 = 1) [1.6]