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The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rivers, Glaciers, & Deserts
Mid Term
Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: ____________
(1) 1 pt. A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific
observations.
A) law B) hypothesis C) generalization D) theory
(2) 1 pt. The currently accepted age of the Earth is ________ years.
A) 4.6 billion B) 4.6 thousand C) 6.4 million D) 6.4 trillion
(3) 1 pt. The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics.
A) geosphere B) asthenosphere C) astrosphere D) lithosphere
(4) 1 pt. Which is the thinnest Earth layer?
A) Continental Crust
B) Oceanic Crust
C) Mantle
D) Core
(5) 5 pts. Describe thermal convection. Include the source of heat, where this heat goes, what it does to
Earth’s materials, and what those materials do. Include information about the two following questions:
Why do the Earth materials rise? Why do they fall?
(6) 1 pt. What happens to oceanic crust as it gets older, in the correct order?
A) crust cools, becomes more dense, and sinks B) crust becomes more dense and sinks
C) crust gets more dense, cools, and rises
D) crust heats, becomes less dense, and rises
(7) 1 pt. Which is the most dense?
A) continental crust
B) oceanic crust
C) core
D) mantle
(8) 1 pt. Which is the least dense?
A) continental crust
B) oceanic crust
C) core
D) mantle
(9) 1 pt. In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?
A) inner core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere B) core, crust, mantle, hydrosphere
C) core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust D) inner core, outer core, mantle, crust
(10) 1 pt.________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma.
A) Igneous B) Primary C) Sedimentary D) Indigenous
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rivers, Glaciers, & Deserts
Mid Term
(11) 1 pt.________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth.
A) Secondary B) Sedimentary C) Igneous D) Metamorphic
(12) 1 pt.________ is the process by which rocks break down in place to produce soils and sediments.
A) Subduction B) Lithification C) Weathering D) Metamorphism
(13) 1 pt. Visualize five horizontal sedimentary strata exposed in a cliff or canyon wall identified by
consecutive numbers, 1 being the lowest bed and 5 being the highest. Which of the following
statements concerning the strata are TRUE?
A) bed 5 is the oldest B) bed 3 is older than beds 2 and 4
C) beds l and 3 are older than bed 4 D) bed 4 is older than bed 2
(14) 1 pt. What fundamental concept states that in a horizontal sequence of conformable sedimentary
strata, each higher bed is younger than the bed below it?
A) theory of correlative deposition
B) law of original correlation
C) law of superposition
D) theory of superstition
(15) 1 pt. Sandstone strata and a mass of granite are observed to be in contact. Which of the following
statements is correct geologically?
A) The sandstone is younger if it shows evidence of contact metamorphism.
B) The granite is older if it contains inclusions of sandstone.
C) The granite is older if the sandstone contains pebbles of the granite.
D) The sandstone is younger if the granite contains sandstone inclusions.
(16) 2 pts. In the chart of radioactive
decay shown at the right:
(A) how many half-lives have
elapsed by this time? __2__
(B) how many half-lives have
elapsed by this time? __3__
(17) 2 pt. If the half-life of
radiocarbon is 5,730 years, and you
determine that there is 12.5% of the
parent isotope remaining, how old
is the sample? Show your work!
A) 11,460 years
B) 17,190 years
C) 22,920 years
D) 28,650 years
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rivers, Glaciers, & Deserts
Mid Term
(18) 1 pt. New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at ________.
A) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma
B) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma
C) divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma
D) convergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of rhyolitic magma
(19) 1 pt. The ________ is an example of an active, continent-continent collision.
A) westward movement of the South American plate over the Nazca plate
B) Arabian Peninsula slamming into North Africa under the Red Sea
C) northern movement of Baja California and a sliver of western California toward the Hawaiian Islands
D) northward movement of India into Eurasia
(20) 1 pt. Linear, magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as ________.
A) reversed magnetizations along the rift valleys and normal magnetizations along the ridge
B) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly parallel to the ridge
C) normal and reversed magnetized strips roughly perpendicular to the ridge axis
D) concentric circles about a rising plume of hot mantle rocks and magma
(21) 1 pt. The energy for Plate Tectonics comes from
A) the magnetic field of the earth
B) heat from the sun
C) gravity between the earth and moon D) ocean currents
E) heat from the earth's core
(22) 1 pt. The Himalayas are associated with which of the following plate boundaries?
A) Ocean-continental convergence
B) Ocean-ocean convergence
C) Continent-continent convergence D) Divergent
(23) 1 pt. The Hawaiian Islands are an example of:
A) Two Ocean plates converging
B) Two Continental plates converging
C) Diverging plates
D) Hot Spots
(24) 1 pt. During large subduction zone earthquakes,
some areas go up and some areas go down.
a. true b. false.
(25) 1 pt. Interseismic strain in a subduction zone looks
like the drawing at the right>>>
a. true b. false
(26) 1 pt. Which of the following best defines a mineral
and a rock?
A) A rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals; a mineral is a
lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks.
B) A mineral consists of its constituent atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive structure; in a rock,
the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric pattern.
C) In a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure; a rock is a
lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rivers, Glaciers, & Deserts
Mid Term
(27) 1 pts. In the diagram below, label each illustration with the correct type of plate boundary.
Convergent, Transform, Divergent
TRANSFORM
For the following three questions,
use the figure to the right. The
vertical units are meters. Horizontal
units are kilometers. Show your
work!
(28) 1 pt. What is the contour
interval?
A) 20 m
B) 20 ft
C) 40 m
D) 80 m
(29) 1 pt. What is the gradient from X
to Y?
A) 0.01333
B) 0.03333
C) 0.02
D) 0.03111
(30) 1 pt. What is the relief from X to
Y?
A) 20 m
B) 40 m
C) 20 ft
D) 40 ft
DIVERGENT
CONVERGENT
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rivers, Glaciers, & Deserts
Mid Term
(31) 1 pt. Each atom of the same element, zinc for example, has the same number of ________.
A) electrons in the nucleus
B) protons in the nucleus
C) neutrons in the outer nuclear shell D) electrons in the valence bond level
(32) 1 pt. An atom's mass number is 14 and its atomic number is 7. How many neutrons are in its
nucleus?
A) 21 B) 7
C) 14 D) 6
(33) 1 pt. What are the lightest or least massive of the fundamental atomic particles?
A) uranium nuclei
B) protons
C) electrons
D) neutrons
(34) 1 pt. Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding?
A) Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive
forces between the negative and positive nucleons.
B) Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded
together by the strong, binding energy of shared protons.
C) Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the
very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds.
D) Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that
are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges.
(35) 1 pt. What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemical reaction?
A) molecule
B) ion C) isotope
D) nucleon
(36) 1 pt. Which of the following describes the light reflecting characteristics of a mineral?
A) luster
B) color streak C) virtual absorption
D) fluorescence
(37) 1 pt. The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as:
A) streak
B) cleavage
C) cracking luster
D) crystal form
(38) 1 pt. All silicate minerals contain ________ and ________.
A) iron; silicon B) silicon; sodium
C) oxygen; carbon
D) silicon; oxygen
(39) 1 pt. The ion at the center of a silicate
tetrahedron is surrounded by ________.
A) 4 oxygen ions
B) 6 oxygen ions
C) 4 sodium ions
D) 6 sodium ions
Answer the next five questions using the diagram
at the right.
(40) 1 pt. What type of particle is A?
A. electron
B. proton
C. neutron
(41) 1 pt. What type of particle is B?
A. electron
B. proton
C. neutron
(42) 1 pt. What type of particle is C?
A. electron
B. proton
C. neutron
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rivers, Glaciers, & Deserts
Mid Term
(43) 1 pt. What type of particle is D?
A. electron
B. proton
(44) 1 pt. What is the atomic structure at E?
A. Valence Orbit
B. Octet Orbit C. Nucleus
(45) 2 pt. Calculate the discharge using the figure at the right. Show
your work! A) 668 m3/s B) 368 m3/s
C) 568 m3/s
D) 468 m3/s
(46) 1 pt. What is the definition of stream discharge?
A) The volume per unit time of water that flows past a certain place.
B) The velocity of water flowing in a river.
C) The area that water flows through during a flood.
D) The time that a flood lasts, in minutes per cubic meter.
For the next two questions, use the
figure at the right.
(47) 1 pt. What do we call this plot?
A) stage discharge rating curve
B) flood curve
C) stage curve
D) flood discharge rating curve
(48) 1 pt. What is the discharge when
the river stage is 4 m?
A) 85 m3/s
B) 85 ft3/s
C) 205 m3/s
D) 5 m3/s
Use the diagram at the right
to answer the next six
questions
(49) 1 pt. What is the strike
of these beds?
A) north
B) east
C) northeast
D) west
(50) 1 pt. What is the dip of
these beds?
A) 45°
B) 90°
C) 30°
D) 60°
C. neutron
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rivers, Glaciers, & Deserts
Mid Term
(51) 1 pt. What is the symbol you would use at the location marked L?
A) viii
B) vi
C) i
D) ii
(52) 1 pt. What is the symbol you would use at the location marked M?
A) v
B) i
C) ii
D) vii
(53) 1 pt. Using the law of superposition, which bed is younger?
A) P (marked L)
B) S (marked M)
(54) 1 pt. What is the name
of the structure in the
diagram.
A) anticline
B) syncline
C) monocline D)
done of the above
For the next six questions,
use the diagram to the right:
(55) 1 pt. What is the strike
of these beds?
A) north
B) east
C) northeast
D) west
(56) 1 pt. What is the dip of
these beds?
A) 45°
B) 90°
C) 30°
D) 60°
(57) 1 pt. What is the symbol you would use at the location marked P?
A) viii
B) vi
C) iii
D) iv
(58) 1 pt. What is the symbol you would use at the location marked Q?
A) v
B) iv
C) iii
D) vii
(59) 1 pt. What is the symbol you would use at the location marked R?
A) v
B) i
C) ii
D) vii
(60) 1 pt. What is the name of the geologic structure in the diagram above.
A) anticline
B) syncline
C) monocline D) done of the above
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rivers, Glaciers, & Deserts
Mid Term
For the following three
questions, use the
figure to the right.
(61) 1 pt. Which type of
volcano erupts with
lava low in Si?
A) L
B) N
C) O
D) J
(62) 1 pt. Which has the
form of a
stratovolcano?
A) J
B) K
C) O
D) N
(63) 1 pt. Which type of volcano is the source for the Columbia River Flood Basalts?
A) N
B) J
C) L
D) O
(64) 2 pt. What is the slope and angle of the slope of the surface of Mount St. Helens along the thick
black line in the "before" map above? The length of the thick black line is 2,000 m, then convert this
from a fraction to a percent. Show your work.
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rivers, Glaciers, & Deserts
Mid Term
(65) 1 pt. Shield Volcanoes have slopes that range from 9 % along their lower slopes to 18 % along their
higher slopes. How does the slope you calculated in step 3 compare with shield volcanoes?
A) Mt. St Helens has a steeper slope. B) Mt. St Helens has a shallower slope.
C) Mt. St Helens has a similar slope.
(66) 1 pt. Why are these slopes different?
A) shield volcanoes are constructed with lava with higher percent Si and colder temperatures
B) shield volcanoes are constructed with lava with lower percent Si and colder temperatures
C) shield volcanoes are constructed with lava with higher percent Si and hotter temperatures
D) shield volcanoes are constructed with lava with lower percent Si and hotter temperatures
(67) 1 pt. Which rocks are sorted properly, from low Si to high Si content?
A) Rhyolite, Dacite, Andesite, Basalt
B) Basalt, Andesite, Dacite, Rhyolite
C) Basalt, Dacite, Andesite, Rhyolite
D) Basalt, Rhyolite, Andesite, Dacite
(68) 3 pt. On the map below, construct “before” and “after” topographic profiles on the grids that are
placed along the A-A’ profile lines. The elevation contours are in meters. On your copy of the posteruption profile use colored pencils to denote the following regions, (1) where there has been no
change, (2) where material has been removed, and (3) where material has been added (deposited).
Create a legend that lists what color you used for each of the three regions.
(69) 1 pt. What is the vertical exaggeration of your profiles?
A) 1X VE
B) 10X VE
C) 100X VE
D) 1,000X VE
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rivers, Glaciers, & Deserts
Mid Term
For the following three questions, use the illustration at the right.
(70) 1 pt. What are the forces J _________ and K _________in
the illustration?
A) Resisting Forces, Driving Forces
B) Driving Forces,
Breaking Forces
C) Driving Forces, Resisting Forces
D) Resisting Forces,
Breaking Forces
(71) 1 pt. Slope stability is a balance of forces J and K. What is
true for a stable slope?
A) J = K
B) J > K
C) K = J
D) J < K
(72) 1 pt. If the driving force is 10,000 kg and the resisting force is
12,000 kg, the slope stability is:
A) unstable
B) stable
C) almost unstable
D) almost stable
For the following three
questions, use the illustration
to the right. Show your work!
(73) 1 pt. The house weighs
50,000 kg. Draw the force
vectors (as we did in the lab)
that add up to 50,000 kg. The
red line can be used as a scale
for your vectors.
(74) 1 pt. Determine the shear
force that this house exerts on
the ground surface. The shear
force is:
A) 190,000 kg B) 35,000 kg
C) 50,000 kg
D) 85,000 kg
(75) 1 pt. What shear strength is required for a safe and stable house?
A) 90,000 kg B) 35,000 kg
C) 50,000 kg
D) 80,000 kg
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rivers, Glaciers, & Deserts
Mid Term
(76) 1 pt. The Milankovitch Cycle describes the variation of what?
A) changes in the orientation of Earth’s rotational axis
B) changes in the orientation of Sun’s axis
C) changes in radiation output from the Sun
D) changes in the orientation of the orbit of the Moon
(77) 1 pt. This variation leads to differences of what?
A) increases of incoming solar radiation
B) variations in the temporal and spatial distribution of incoming solar radiation
C) decreases of incoming solar radiation
D) variations in the amount of earthquakes
(78) 1 pt. During glacial periods the following is true:
A) sea level is higher
B) sea level is lower
C) marine terraces are formed D) B and C
(79) 1 pt. During Interglacials the following is true:
A) sea level is higher
B) sea level is lower
C) marine terraces are formed D) A and C
(80) 3 pt. Describe how Green House Gasses increase atmospheric heat content (for full credit, describe
how GHGs are selective absorbers of radiation).
(81) 1 pt. Given that a marine terrace abrasion platform is 150 meters above sea level and a radiometric
age of material in the sediments directly overlying the abrasion platform is 125 ka, what is the tectonic
uplift rate of the marine terrace?
A) 2.4 mm/yr B) 1.2 mm/yr C) 0.12 mm/yr D) 0.6 mm/yr
(82) 1 pt. Given an uplift rate of 1.4 mm per year and the marine terrace abrasion platform is 190 meters
above sea level, what is the age of the marine terrace?
A) 266 ka
B) 136 ka
C)13.6 ka
D) 26.6 ka
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rivers, Glaciers, & Deserts
Mid Term
For the next few questions, use the following map. The dots are wells and the numbers show the water
table elevation above sea level (measured in the well). Draw water table contours at 5 foot intervals.
Draw arrows showing the direction that ground water will flow.
(83) 1 pt. If someone bought one of these houses, for which house would they want to have ground
water monitoring results (to check for gas in the water)?
A) House A
B) House B
C) House C
D) House D
(84) 1 pt. What is the order of features, from the top down?
A) water table, capillary fringe, vadose zone
B) vadose zone, capillary fringe, water table
C) capillary fringe, vadose zone, water table
D) aquiclude, aquifer, vadose zone, water table
The Geology of Pacific Northwest Rivers, Glaciers, & Deserts
Mid Term
For the following two questions use the figure at the right.
(85) 1 pt. Porosity for the three regions J, K, and L can be
classified in the following way:
A) J = high porosity, K = low porosity, L = low porosity
B) J = low porosity, K = low porosity, L = high porosity
C) J = low porosity, K = high porosity, L = high porosity
D) J = no porosity, K = high porosity, L = high porosity
(86) 1 pt. Permeability for the three regions P, R, and S can be classified in the following way:
A) P = high permeability, R = high permeability, S = low permeability
B) P = low permeability, R = low permeability, S = low permeability
C) P = low permeability, R = low permeability, S = high permeability
D) P = no permeability, R = no permeability, S = high permeability
For the following two
questions, use the figure at
the right:
(87) 1 pt. Classify the two
streams:
A) A = losing stream, B =
gaining stream
B) A = gaining stream, B = losing stream
(88) 1 pt. Find the correct associations:
A) stream A is a region of discharge and stream B is a region of recharge
B) stream A is a region of discharge and stream B is a region of discharge
C) stream A is a region of recharge and stream B is a region of discharge
D) stream A is a region of recharge and stream B is a region of recharge