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Greco-Persian Wars Persian Empire Cyrus the Great – 550BC United collection of people from Indus R to Aegean Sea, Egypt to Black Sea Advancements: ◦ Royal Road ◦ Postal Service ◦ Uniformity and Autonomy Focus on trade – push to Greece Ionian Revolt Resentment over tyrants and taxes builds Miletus overthrows rulers (499) ◦ Appeal to Greece Only Athens helps ◦ Destroy local capital Sardis Persians recapture Ionia and sack Miletus (494) ◦ King Darius I wants revenge on Athens First Persian Invasion (490) Darius sends a force to destroy Athens Battle of Marathon ◦ Athens outnumbered ◦ Pheidippides’ Run ◦ Heroic Greek Victory Hoplite Discipline Power of Athens Sense of Nationalism Interbellum (490-480) Persia looks to rebuild ◦ Put down internal revolts ◦ King Xerxes build massive army Greeks worry about future attacks ◦ Themistocles builds navy (triremes) ◦ Congress of Corinth Attempt to create a united Greece Sparta and Athens to lead Many refuse to join Second Persian Invasion Persia marches on Greece ◦ Many cities destroyed or surrender Battle of Thermopylae (480) ◦ Greeks make a stand in narrow pass ◦ Hold off until betrayed ◦ Spartans remains to buy time All slaughtered – Heroic Defeat Athens evacuated and sacked Battle of Salamis (480) ◦ Oracle advises to “put faith in the wooden wall” ◦ Set trap for Persian Navy in narrow straights ◦ Superior Athenian Navy is Victorious Persia retreats Platea & Mycale (479) ◦ Greeks wait until prepared to attack when ◦ Defeat of remaining Persian army and navy Analysis Collection of Greek City-states defeat mighty Persian Empire ◦ Affects moral of each Celebration of the Hero ◦ Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis New sense of Greek nationalism ◦ Look to become united Athenian navy now dominant force ◦ Look to Athens protection