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GLOBALIZATION AND ISLAM by Dr. M. Umer Chapra Research Advisor Islamic Research and Training Institute Islamic Development Bank Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 1 THE TITLE : CONSISTS OF TWO PARTS PART I : GLOBALIZATION: WHAT DOES IT STAND FOR? INTEGRATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY IS INTEGRATION NECESSARY? SPECIALIZATION AND DIVISION OF LABOUR GREATER EFFICIENCY ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT SUCH INTEGRATION IS NOT POSSIBLE WITHOUT THE REMOVAL OF ALL ARTIFICIAL BARRIERS – HENCE LIBERALIZATION – FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS, LABOUR, CAPITAL AND INFORMATION HOW DOES ISLAM LOOK AT INTEGRATION AND LIBERALIZATION? 2 PART II : ISLAM : ARE INTEGRATION AND LIBERALIZATION ACCEPTABLE IN ISLAM THESE CONCEPTS ARE NOT NEW TO ISLAM ONE GOD – ONE MANKIND – HUMAN BROTHERHOOD )701 : و ما أرسلنك إالّ رحمة للعلمين (سورة االنبياء )71 : و ما كان النّاس إالّ ا ُ ّمةً واحدة فاختلفوا (سورة يونس IF MANKIND IS A SINGLE ENTITY, WHY DID IT BECOME DIVIDED? )71 : و ما تفرقوا إالّ من بعد ما جاءهم العلم بغيا بينهم (سورة الشورى WHY IS THERE ?بغيا بينهمVESTED INTEREST, PREJUDICES, EXPLOITATION AND MISUSE OF POWER THESE HAVE LED TO ARTIFICIAL BARRIERS – PREVENTED MUTUAL INTERACTION IS IT OUR DUTY AS MUSLIMS TO REUNITE MANKIND? YES! 3 INTEGRATION AND ISLAMIC ECONOMIC THOUGHT HAVE THE IDEAS OF INTEGRATION AND LIBERALIZATION BECOME REFLECTED PRACTICALLY AS WELL AS THEORETICALLY IN ISLAMIC HISTORY? PRACTICALLY THEORETICALLY IBN KHALDUN (d. 808 AH / 1406 AC): عصبيةSOCIAL SOLIDARITY – WITHOUT SOLIDARITY THERE CANNOT BE DIVISION OF LABOUR AND SPECIALIZATION – NECESSARY FOR ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT SOLIDARITY IS NOT POSSIBLE WITHOUT JUSTICE 4 ISLAM AND JUSTICE THERE CANNOT BE INTEGRATION WITHOUT JUSTICE – FAIRNESS IN HUMAN INTERATIONS IS INDISPENSABLE : EVERYONE SHOULD BENEFIT FROM INTEGRATION THE QUR'AN: لقد أرسلنا رسلنا بالبينات و أنزلنا معهم الكتاب والميزان ليقوم النّاس بالقسط ( سورة الحديد )52 : ظلم ُ ال ُ ظلمات يوم القيامة THE PROPHET: ) ABU YUSUF (d. 182 AH / 798 AC RENDERING JUSTICE TO THOSE WRONGED AND ERADICATING INJUSTICE ACCELRATES DEVELOPMENT إ ّن العدل و إنصاف المظلوم ن تجنب الظلم ،مع م في ذلك من األجر (الثواب) ، يزيد به الخراج و تكثر به عمارة البالد (كتاب الخراج ،ص )777 IBN TAYMIYYAH كان العدل أمرا ً واجبا ً في كل شيء و علي كل أحد ،والظلم محرما ً في كل شيء و لكل أحد ،فال يحل ظلم أحد أصالً سواء كان مسلما ً أو كافرا ً ،أو كان ظالما ً (مجموع الفتاوى ج 71ص )711 IBN KHALDUN وال سبيل للعمارة إالّ بالعدل (مقدمة ص )511 ّ إن الظلم مخرب للعُمران (مقدمة ص )511 5 ISLAM AND THE NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY THE NEW GLOBAL ECONOMY STANDS FOR INTEGRATION AND LIBERALIZATION, BUT DOES NOT GIVE TO JUSTICE THE PLACE IT DESERVES – IT RATHER EMPHASIZES NEGOTIATIONS IN NEGOTIATIONS, IT IS THE RICH AND THE POWERFUL WHO HAVE AN UPPER HAND – SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST – LONG-DRAWN, NEGOTIATIONS – THE WEAK ARE FORCED TO YIELD JUSTICE ON THE OTHER HAND REQUIRES VALUES AND PRINCIPLES – WHEREBY YOU TREAT EQUALS EQUALLY AND UNEQUALS UNEQUALLY OIL, PETROCHEMICALS, TEXTILES AND AGRICULTURE 6 JUSTICE REQUIRES ( وازعRESTRAINING POWER) ACCORDING TO IBN KHALDUN WTO CAN PLAY THIS ROLE – HOWEVER, THE RICH AND POWERFUL COUNTRIES ARE TRYING TO DOMINATE IT TO SERVE THEIR VESTED INTEREST RESULT: SEATTLE RIOTS WASHINGTON FIASCO JUSTICE HAS SUFFERED – INTEGRATION HAS BEEN FRUSTRATED. THE DOHA ROUND OF TRADE NEGOTIATIONS HAVE NOT MADE MUCH PROGRESS 7 FUTURE COURSE OF ACTION FOR MUSLIMS GIVE UP? – NO. STRUGGLE? YES – JIHAD كلمة الحق عند سلطان جائز HOWEVER – PROTECTIVE TARIFFS ARE NOT THE ONLY CAUSE OF MUSLIM UNDERDEVELOPMENT IBN KHALDUN – POLITICAL AUTHORITY VALUES PEOPLE JUSTICE PEACEFUL STRUGGLE IS THE ONLY ANSWER – USE OF VIOLENCE LEADS TO DESTRUCTION AND FAILURE 8