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AP Focus
Competition among France, Spain, and Great
Britain for North American colonies shape North
American affairs. Affairs in Europe affect the North
American colonies, see The American Pageant for
a list of the wars that, except for the Seven Years’
War (French and Indian War in America), spread
from Europe to the New World
 France’s defeat in the Seven Years’ War results in
the collapse of its North American empire. A military
and political victory for Britain and its American
colonists, the war exposes and aggravates longstanding tensions between the mother country and
its colonies and between the colonists and the
Indians.
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Edict of Nantes
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Sparked a new era in
Europe and France.
Issued by King Henry IV
in 1598
The Edict of Nantes
granted limited
tolerance to the French
Protestants.
Through this, religious
wars ceased, and in the
new century France
blossomed into the
mightiest and most
feared nation in Europe.
Was revoked by Louis
XIV in 1685
King Henry IV
France Finds A Foothold in Canada
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During the 16th Century, the French were distracted from
colonizing North America by internal problems and foreign wars.
In 1598, the Edict of Nantes was issued, granting toleration to
French Protestants. This ended much of the religious wars,
which created an opening for the French to focus on expanding
their empire.
King Louis XIV was very interested in having overseas colonies.
Samuel de Champlain lead the founding of an empire in Quebec
in 1608.
Champlain was called, “Father of New France.”
Champlain created a friendly relationship with the Hurons, and
later helped them defeat the Iroquois.
After some commercial companies failed, New France came
under the direct control of the King. This mean no representative
assemblies or the right to a trial by jury. The government was
mostly autocratic.
France in Canada (cont.)
New France didn’t have very many
immigrants like many of the British colonies
did. Huguenots were not allowed to
immigrate, and many of the French
peasants were too poor to immigrate.
 The tenant farmers, who did have the
means to move, did not have any
economic motivation to move.
 The French government tended to favor
their Caribbean island colonies which
provided most of the profit because of the
sugar and rum.

New France fans out
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Dispersed in pursuit to secure Beavervaluable to European fashion-setters
Recruited Native Indians for the trade;
although affected by disease and collided
with religious beliefs
Annihilated Beaver populations in various
places
Jesuits, French Catholic misssionaires, tried
to convert Indians but got tortured by them
instead
New France fans out 2
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Antoine Cadillac founded Detriot in order to
halt english into the Ohio valley
Robert de La Salle founded Louisiana while
surveying Spanish penetration, named after
Louis XIV
Strategically placed posts in Mississippi and
Louisiana to block of Spanish and controll
access to Mississippi river
Established forts and trading posts in
Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes grew
Frances empire
Acadians
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French colonists
Settled in the eastern
regions of New France
and a part of Maine
Roman Catholic
Deported by the British
during the Great
Expulsion of 1756-1763
and most settled in
Louisiana
Now known as the
Cajuns.
The Acadian Flag
The Clash of Empires
 Early Wars in America with European
powers
○ King William’s War, 1689-1697
○ Queen Anne’s War, 1702-1713
○ They were between British colonists and
the French coureurs de bois, while both
tried to get Indian allies.
○ Neither side sent soldiers to fight.
○ Spain allied with France in the second war.
○ Treaty of Utrecht, 1713
 These led to
○ War of Jenkins’s Ear
○ King George’s War/The War of Austrian
Succession
○ French and Indian War
Colonial Disunity
• The British government in 1754, began an
intercolonial congress to Albany, New York. Only
delegates from 7 of the 13 colonies showed up. The
immediate purpose of this congress was to keep the
scalping knives of the Iroquois tribes loyal to the
British in the spreading war. The long-range purpose
was to achieve greater colonial unity and thus bolster
the common defense against France.
• Benjamin Franklin published the most famous
cartoon of the colonial era to his Pennsylvania
Gazette. It’s broadcast slogan was “Join, or Die.”
Franklin was a leading spirit of the Albany Congress.
His outstanding contributions, like the cartoon, was a
well devised plan for colonial home rule.
King William’s War
1688-1697
 Also known as
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 The War of the Grand Alliance
 The War of the League of Augsburg
First of 6 colonial wars
 New France and the Wabanaki
Confederacy were able to beat New
England expansion into Acadia.
 The border became the Kennebec River.
 Ended with the Treaty of Ryswick
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The War of the Spanish Succession
1701-1714
 Queen Anne’s War in
America
 Between the Two
Crowns and the
Grand Alliance.
 Two Crowns
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 They wanted France and
Spain to be united.
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Grand Alliance
 Wanted to keep European
balance of power.
Philip V of Spain and the Duke of
Vendôme commanded the FrancoSpanish charge at the Battle of
Villaviciosa in 1840.
The End of the War of the
Spanish Succession
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The war ended with the treaties of Utrecht, Rastett,
and Baden.
King Philip renounced the French throne and taking
the Spanish throne partially.
Spain ceded
 To Hapsburgs
○ Netherlands, Naples, Milan, and Sardinia
 To Duchy of Savoy
○ Sicily
 To Great Britain
○ Gibraltar and Minorca
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France kept all former European lands, but lost a lot
of territory in Canada.
The asiento gave the British the right to slave trading
in the Spanish Americas.
The War of Jenkins’s Ear
It started in 1739 when a Spanish
commander cut off a British ship captain’s
ear (for smuggling) and told him to bring it
to his king.
 The Spanish seamen did not like the
trading rights that the British had just
gotten from the Treaty of Utrecht.
 It was fought mostly in the Caribbean and
Georgia where Oglethorpe fought back the
Spanish.
 This then merged with the War of Austrian
Succession in Europe and became King
George’s War in America.
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War of Jenkins' Ear
After the defeat of the French and
Spanish by Britain, peace terms were
signed in Utrecht in 1713 between the
three countries. By this treaty, the British
won limited trading rights in Spanish
America. Smuggling soon became
popular and the violations of these rights
by Britain led to the rise of friction
between the two countries. With
permission, the Spanish often went
aboard English ships to prevent this
problem and in one case the captain of
the Rebecca ship, Robert Jenkins, was
accused of piracy and his ear was cut
off. He later presented the ear before
Parliament, in which led to great anger
and insult, they referred to as “Spanish
Depredations upon the British Subjects.”
This began a war on the Caribbean and
Georgia. It became known throughout
the world as King George’s War. Battle
between these two countries continued
on from 1739 to 1748.
King George’s War/War of
Austrian Succession
1740-1748
Alliance of France and
Spain against the British
and their allies.
 The New Englanders
invaded New France
 With British help, they
were able to control
Louisburg and the St.
Lawrence River.
 Peace Treaty of 1748
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 Gave Louisburg back to
New France
 The New Englanders
were irate about this.
Washigton Inaugurates War with
France
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The Ohio Valley was very desired among many different countries.
French longed to have ownership of the Ohio Valley because it was their
connection to linking their Canadian holdings to the Mississippi Valley.
By the 1700’s, west-ward pushing British were determined to fight for the
Ohio River Valley, as they were appalled by the land-grabbing French.
Ohio Valley was not only wanted for its geographical location, but its fertile
soil and large river.
By 1749, a group of colonial spectators, who were mainly influential
Virginians, had secured 500,000 acres in the Ohio Valley Region.
This group of colonial spectators also included the family of George
Washington.
George Washington, at twenty-one years old, was sent to the Ohio country
as a colonel in command of about 150 Virginian men.
40 miles from Fort Duquesne, Washington’s group encountered a small
group of French troops, at which time Washington’s men fired the first shots
of the “globe-girdling war”.
Though the French surrendured after their leader was shot and killed, they
recovered shortly after their reinforcements arrived, and seized
Washington’s men, causing them to surrender.
Fort Duquesne
Current day site of Pittsburgh,
where the pivotal point where
the Monongahela and
Allegheny Rivers join to form
the Ohio. Important to the
French to control the Ohio
Country
 In 1754, governor of Virginia
sent George Washington, in
command of about 150
Virginia militiamen, to Ohio.
First attempt to regain control.
 About forty miles from Fort
Duquesne, British
encountered small French
troop. The Virginians fired the
first shots heard all around
the globe, killing the French
leader.
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Fort Necessity
Fearing an attack from the
French, Washington had Fort
Necessity constructed.
 Morning of July 3, 1754 a
force of 600 French and 100
Indians from Fort Duquesne
attacked Fort Necessity. 10
hours of sporadic fighting
continued throughout the day
and by eight o’clock a truce
was agreed on.
 July 4, 1754, Washington was
forced to surrender his entire
command over to the French
who permitted them to leave
in full honors of war at Fort
Necessity.
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Braddock’s Blundering &
Aftermath
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In 1755, with some 2 thousand men, Braddock set
out to capture Fort Duquesne
Mostly made up of colonial militiamen (buckskins)
who used behind-the-tree methods of fighting
Indians
A few miles from Fort Duquesne, encountered small
French and Indian army, who attacked Braddock’s
force, retreating with heavy losses.
Indian pursuers, smug by the easy victory, let the
whole frontier feel their fury. In result, scalping
occurred. Authorities offered bounties for Indian
scalps.
In 1756, the British launch an invasion of Canada,
experiencing defeat after defeat.
Edward Braddock
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An experienced officer during
the time leading up to the
Seven Years War
Braddock was sent to Virginia
with British soldiers in 1755
and was persuaded to take
aggressive action against the
French.
He also worked with George
Washington during his time in
North America.
His expedition was one of
many against the French.
Braddock and about 2,000
men attacked Fort Duquesne
in Ohio.
Many of Braddock’s men
were badly behaved colonial
militiamen who were called
“buckskins”
Pitt’s Palms of Victory
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William Pitt lead the 1758 expedition against Louisbourg,
which became the first significant British victory of the
Seven Years War.
James Wolfe was a 32 year old officer, picked by Pitt,
whose attention to detail helped the British capture
Quebec in 1759. Both Wolfe and the French commander,
Marquis de Montcalm, were fatally wounded, but the
British defeated the French.
Montreal fell in 1760 which lead to the French’s final
defeat.
The Treaty of Paris in 1763 kicked France out of North
America completely, giving Britain the land from Canada
to the Mississippi River.
The Louisiana Territory was given to Spain and the
French were allowed to keep the sugar plantations in the
West Indies along with two islands in the St. Lawrence.
William Pitt
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Known as “The Great
Commoner.” He drew much of
his power from the common
people.
Pitt was an impressive public
speaker and spoke for the
Americans, rallying people
against the French.
He was also called,
“Organizer of Victory” after
winning many battles against
the French.
Pitt took the focus off of the
West Indies, and on Quebec
and Montreal.
In 1757 Pitt was the primary
leader in the London
Government.
He started to pick younger
leaders who made quick
decisions as opposed to the
older leaders who were
cautious and incompetent.
Seven Years’ War/French and
Indian War
• Started for 2 reasons
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Heated colonial struggles between the French
and the British
The diplomatic revolution in which France Austria
and Russia allied against Purrsia(Germany
• Started off in Ohio Valley in 1754 by George
Washington
• 2 years later it spread globally: America,
Europe, West Indies, Philippines, and Africa
Battle of Quebec 1759
• William Pitt emphasized the importance of gaining the Ohio valley and New
France for the British. He assigned general James Wolfe to conquer Quebec
and finally put an end to the strong position France maintained in America.
• The attack was so extraordinary because Wolfe was able to organize a besiege
on the city by ascending over 200 ships into the St. Lawrence without
indication. His British forces weren’t large enough to completely surround the
city and cut off their supplies, so Wolfe decided to wait out until their supplies
dwindled.
• On September 13, Wolfe landed a small of soldiers in the middle of the night
l’Anse au Foulon, located upstream the city, where he proceeded to be French
and from there he was able to gather the rest of his troops for invasion.
• Marquis de Montcalm, surprised by these events, decided to send his troops to
Beaumont, located down stream from the city, instead of waiting for
reinforcement. When they finally came into contact, the battle lasted less than a
hour. Wolfe was fatally wounded and Montcalm died the next day.
• The capture of Quebec led to the surrender of Montreal in 1760. This victory
for the British ended New France. Great Britain thus emerged as the dominant
power in North America, while taking it’s place as the leading naval power of
the world.
Quebec Act
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Expanded province to take over Indian
reserves including Illinois, Indiana, Michigan,
Ohio, Wisconsin, parts of Minnesota,
southern Ontario
Guaranteed free practice of Catholic faith
Restored French civil law but used English
common law
No longer made reference to Protestant faith
Fort Oswego
• A group of regulars and Canadian militia
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under General Montcalm took over Fort
Oswego
Located near Lake Ontario
Notable for showing traditional European
siege tactics
One of the early French victories
Siege of Fort William Henry
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French General Louis-Joseph de Montalcm
captured British held Fort William Henry
Fort is located between New York and
Canada
Monroe surrendered to Montalcm because
large number of indians with the French
Terms of surrender were withdrawal from
Fort Edwards and protect british from indians
when leaving area
Final Takeover of Canada

Annus Mirabilis of 1759
 Year of Miracles for Great Britain
 Captured Fort Ticonderoga
 James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec
○ Both commanders died
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1760
 The British lost the battle of Sainte-Foy outside Quebec City.
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 Then won the battle of Restigouche
General Pierre Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal
surrendered France to Britain
Britain assured French inhabitants their freedom of
religion, freedom of deportation, right to migrate to
France, and equality in fur trade
Seven Years’ War/French and Indian
War (Cont.)
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In America the war was fought between the
French/Indian tribes vs English/Americans/other
Indian tribes
Main dispute was the Ohio valley region
Ultimately led to: France only had island Saint
Pierre and Miquelon, French gave everything to
the right of the Mississippi river to Spain for
compensation of their loss of florida
William Pitt said “America was won in Germany”
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This was due to the battles in Prussia that Frederick
the Great was winning.
Made Britain most dominant
The End of the War
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The War in North America ended with the Treaty
of Paris signed on February 10, 1763.
The War in Europe ended with the Treaty of
Hubertusburg signed on February 15, 1763.
France decided to keep their Caribbean
possessions over their Canadian ones because
they were more profitable.
They got to keep Martinique and Guadeloupe
as well as two small islands in the St. Lawrence
River for fishing.
This war and the way that it finished ultimately
led to the French and American Revolutions.
Salutary Neglect
•Salutary Neglect was an undocumented British policy that was used to try
and keep the American colonies under British control. The wanted to
remain in control of who America traded with and keep them from rebelling.
Britain tried to use this policy after the Seven Years’ War, where they won
new territory in North America at the Peace of Paris conference held in
1763. This policy was used instead of enforcing parliamentary laws in the
colonies, but later replaced by acts to regulate control, such as the Stamp
Act and Quebec Act.
•Salutary Neglect was a major contributing factor to the rebellion of the
American colonies in the first American Revolutionary War. After being
given the opportunity to govern themselves because the lack of
involvement of imperial authority, the colonies favored the idea of selfcontrol. The majority of people disliked being controlled by Britain and not
being able to succeed with the freedom of will. They considered themselves
a separate people from Britain with their own distinctiveness. Tensions
arose and the American people took the initiative to revolt, because they
knew that they could defeat the British with help from the French.
Restless Colonists
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Conflict had risen between Americans and
British officers
Considered Militia very low; refused to
recognize any american above captain
Traded with enemy ports
Eventually British forbade the exports from
middle colonies and New England
Other colonists were distanced from war and
didn't contribute to the war
Created unity in the colonies
War's Fateful Aftermath
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As the French were removed from the Canadian area, and no longer had
the authority to oversee the American colonies, the colonies then had
freedom to branch out further into the western territory, instead of clinging
close to Britan.
The history of the United States essentially was due to the events in which
Quebec and Montreal fell.
Though Spain was eliminated from FL at this point in time, it was still
entrenched in Louisiana and New Orleans, and still possessed much of
western North America.
As for the Native Americans, they endured a hard blow which was the
product of not only the Treaty of Paris, which mainly harmed the Iroquois
and the Creeks, but also suffered from the loss of French and Spanish
inhabitants. This hindered their ability to turn European powers against one
another.
Ottowatta chief Pontiac led a revolt in 1763 which overran all but 3 of the
British posts in the Ohio Valley Area.
This led to harsh, primitive tactics by the British; one of which included
sending blankets to the Native Americans, that were infected with Small
Pox.
Out of no where, the Proclamation of 1763 was issued by the London
government.
Chief Pontiac
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Famous for his role in
the Pontiac's rebellion
in 1763.
Chief of the Ottawa
tribe who led several
indians tribes and
french trades to revolt
against Britishers out
of the Ohio valley
Eventually brought
down by British and
cruel methods
Killed in 1796 by a
Chieftain
Proclamation of 1763
Issued by the government of
London, it strictly prohibited the
settlement of colonists beyond the
Appalachians.
 It was not intended to particularly
oppress the exploration of
American colonists, but was
more-so intended to improve
relations between the Native
Americans and the American
Colonists, as well as avoid
another bloody massacre, like the
uprising led by Pontiac.
 In reaction to the proclamation,
settlers flooded the paths leading
westward, outraged and in utter
defiance.
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