Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ministry of Higher Education University of Tabuk Prepared by / Amjad Mofdi Alhamadi Academic No/ 321002174 Under supervision of / Dr/ Zahed Khorshid Definition Plants have the ability to synthesize a wide variety of chemical compounds that are used to perform important biological functions, and to defend against attack from predators such as insects, fungi and herbivorous mammals.( Tabsell CL et al ,2006 ) Introduction medicinal plants include a various types of plants used in herbalism and some of these plants have a medicinal activities. These medicinal plants consider as a rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development and synthesis. Besides that these plants play a critical role in the development of human cultures around the whole world. Moreover, some plants consider as important source of nutrition and as a result of that these plants recommended for their therapeutic values. These plants include ginger, green tea, walnuts and some others plants. Other plants their derivatives consider as important source for active ingredients which are used in aspirin and toothpaste. (Rasool Hassan BA,2012) Characteristics of Medicinal Plants Medicinal plants have many characteristics when used as a treatment, as follow: • Synergic medicine- The ingredients of plants all interact simultaneously, so their uses can complement or damage others or neutralize their possible negative effects. • Support of official medicine- In the treatment of complex cases like cancer diseases the components of the plants proved to be very effective. • Preventive medicine- It has been proven that the component of the plants also characterize by their ability to prevent the appearance of some diseases. This will help to reduce the use of the chemical remedies which will be used when the disease is already present i.e., reduce the side effect of synthetic treatment. (Rasool Hassan B A , 2012) Prevalence of use A survey released in May 2004 by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine focused on who used complementary and alternative medicines (CAM), what was used, and why it was used. The survey was limited to adults, aged 18 years and over during 2002, living in the United States. According to this survey, herbal therapy, or use of natural products other than vitamins and minerals, was the most commonly used CAM therapy (18.9%) when all use of prayer was excluded.( Barnes ,at el, 2004) Herbal remedies are very common in Europe. In Germany, herbal medications are dispensed by apothecaries (e.g., Apotheke). Prescription drugs are sold alongside essential oils, herbal extracts, or herbal teas.(James A,2000) Scientific Classification: Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Rosids Order: Myrtales Family: Lythraceae Genus: Punica Species: P. granatum botanical name Punica granatum, is a fruitbearing deciduous shrub or small tree growing between 5 and 8 m (16–26 ft) tall. In the Northern Hemisphere, the fruit is typically in season from September to February, and in the Southern Hemisphere from March to May. As intact arils or juice, pomegranates are used in cooking, baking, meal garnishes, juice blends, smoothies, and alcoholic beverages, such as cocktails and wine.The pomegranate is considered to have originated in the region between the himalayas and Egypt, and has been cultivated since ancient times in India, Persia, Mesopotamia, Turkey and the Arabian Peninsula. It is mentioned in many ancient texts, notably in Babylonian texts and the Book of Exodus. It was introduced into Latin America and California by Spanish settlers in 1769. Today, it is widely cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, the Middle East and Caucasus region, northern Africa and tropical Africa, the Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, and the drier parts of southeast Asia. It is also cultivated in parts of California and Arizona. In recent years, it has become more common in the commercial markets of Europe and the Western Hemisphere.( Larua,1980)(Morton,1987) Description An attractive shrub or small tree growing 6 to 10 m high, the pomegranate has multiple spiny branches, and is extremely long-lived, with some specimens in France surviving for 200 years. Punica granatum leaves are opposite or subopposite, glossy, narrow oblong, entire, 3– 7 cm long and 2 cm broad. The flowers are bright red, 3 cm in diameter, with three to seven petals. Some fruitless varieties are grown for the flowers alone. The edible fruit is a berry and is between a lemon and a grapefruit in size, 5–12 cm in diameter with a rounded shape and thick, reddish skin. The number of seeds in a pomegranate can vary from 200 to about 1400 seeds. Each seed has a surrounding water-laden pulp — the edible sarcotesta that forms from the seed coat — ranging in color from white to deep red or purple. The seeds are "exarillate", i.e., unlike some other species in the order, Myrtales, there is no aril. The sarcotesta of pomegranate seeds consists of epidermis cells derived from the integument. The seeds are embedded in a white, (Morton,1987)(Dahlgren,1984) spongy, astringent membrane. Cultivation Punica granatum is grown as a fruit crop plant, and as ornamental trees and shrubs in parks and gardens. Mature specimens can develop sculptural twisted bark multiple trunks and a distinctive overall form. Pomegranates are drought-tolerant, and can be grown in dry areas with either a Mediterranean winter rainfall climate or in summer rainfall climates. In wetter areas, they can be prone to root decay from fungal diseases. They can be tolerant of moderate frost, down to about −12°C (10°F). (M.L. et al, 2012) Uses of pomegranate In traditional medicine: In the Indian subcontinent's ancient Ayurveda system of traditional medicine, the pomegranate has been used extensively as a source of traditional remedies.(K.K.Jindal,200) The rind of the fruit and the bark of the pomegranate tree are used as a traditional remedy against diarrhea, dysentery, and intestinal parasites. The seeds and juice are considered a tonic for the heart and throat, and classified as having bitter-astringent taste plus a, range of taste from sweet to sour, depending on ripeness. Thus, pomegranate is considered a healthful counterbalance to a diet high in sweet-fatty (kapha or earth) components. Especially when sweet, pomegranate fruit is nourishing for (pitta or fire) systems and is considered a blood builder. The astringent qualities of the flower juice, rind, and tree bark are considered valuable for a variety of purposes, such as stopping nose bleeds and gum bleeds, toning skin, (after blending with mustard oil) firming-up sagging breasts, and treating hemorrhoids. Pomegranate juice (of specific fruit strains) is also used as an eyedrop, as it is believed to slow the development of cataracts. Pomegranate extracts (alkaloids) are used to treat intestinal parasite infestations in some nations. (Vasent Lad,2002) health benefits of pomegranates : Pomegranate ellagitannins, also called punicalagins, have shown freeradical scavenging properties in laboratory experiments and with potential effects on humans. Punicalagins are absorbed into the human body and may have dietary value as antioxidants, but conclusive proof of efficacy in humans has not been shown. During intestinal metabolism by bacteria, ellagitannins and punicalagins are converted to urolithins, which have unknown biological activity in vivo. (Kulkarni,etal,2007)(Heber,2008)(Seeram,etal,2006)(Mertens,etal,2006)(B ialonsks,et al,2006)(Larrosa, et al, 2009) In preliminary laboratory research and clinical trials, juice of the pomegranate may be effective in reducing heart disease risk factors, including LDL oxidation, macrophage oxidative status, and foam cell formation. In mice, "oxidation of LDL by peritoneal macrophages was reduced by up to 90% after pomegranate juice consumption...".(Aviram,et al,2004)(Esmailzadeh,et al,2004(Kaplan, et al.2001)(Aviram, et al,2000) In a limited study of hypertensive patients, consumption of pomegranate juice for two weeks was shown to reduce systolic blood pressure by inhibiting serum angiotensin-converting enzyme. Juice consumption may also inhibit viral infections while pomegranate extracts have antibacterial effects against dental plaque.(Aviram, Despite limited research data, manufacturers and al,2004)(Menezes, et al,2006) et al,2001)(Neurath, marketers et of pomegranate juice have liberally used evolving research results for product promotion, especially for putative antioxidant health benefits. In February 2010, the FDA issued a Warning Letter to one such manufacturer, POM Wonderful, for using published literature to make illegal claims of benefits.(Starling,2010) unproven antioxidant and antidisease Chemical composition of pomegranate : A 100-g serving of pomegranate seeds provide 12% of the Daily Value (DV) for vitamin C and 16% DV for vitamin K, and contains polyphenols, such as ellagitannins and flavonoids.Pomegranate seeds are excellent sources of dietary fiber which is entirely contained in the edible seeds. People who choose to discard the seeds forfeit nutritional benefits conveyed by the seed fiber and micronutrients.(Schubert,1999) Pomegranate seed oil contains punicic acid (65.3%), palmitic acid (4.8%), stearic acid (2.3%), oleic acid (6.3%), and linoleic acid (6.6%). ( Shay, et al,1999) Juice, seeds, and peel apparently contain steroid hormones, including estrone, although this is debated between Korean teams. (Erich,et al,1999)(Young,et al,2010)(Don Woong,et al,2006) Phenolic content: In juice : The most abundant polyphenols in pomegranate juice are the hydrolyzable tannins called ellagitannins formed when ellagic acid and/or gallic acid binds with a carbohydrate. The different pomegranate ellagitannins (also known as punicalagins) are: granatin A and B, punicacortein A, B, C and D, 5-O-galloylpunicacortein D, punicafolin, punigluconin, punicalagin, 1-alpha-O-galloylpunicalagin, punicalin and 2-O-galloyl-punicalin.The red color of juice can be attributed to anthocyanins, such as delphinidin, cyaniding, and pelargonidin glycosides (delphinidin 3-glucoside and 3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside and 3,5-diglucoside and pelargonidin 3-glucoside and 3,5-diglucoside). Generally, an increase in juice pigmentation occurs during fruit ripening. (F. Hernández, et al,1999) In the peel : Compared to the pulp, the inedible pomegranate peel contains as much as three times the total amount of polyphenols, including condensed tannins and catechins, gallocatechins and prodelphinidins. The higher phenolic content of the peel yields extracts for use in dietary supplements and food preservatives.( Singh, R. et al,2002)( C. Ben Nasr, et al,1993)( De Pascual, et al ,2002) Researchs: Some Therapeutic applications of pomegranate In 2014, 58 clinical trials were registered with the National Institutes of Health to examine effects of pomegranate extracts or juice consumption on a variety of human disorders, including: prostate cancer lymphoma , prostatic hyperplasia rhinovirus infection, , common cold diabetes , oxidative stress in diabetic, hemodialysis ,atherosclerosis ,coronary artery disease, brain injury ,hemodialysis for kidney disease, infant male infertility , aging , memory ,pregnancy complications ,osteoporosis , erectile dysfunction. In past the decade, numerous studies , on the antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and anti-inflammatory properties of pomegranate constituents have been published, focusing on treatment and prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dental conditions, erectile dysfunction, bacterial infections and antibiotic resistance, and ultraviolet radiation-induced skin damage. Other potential applications include infant brain ischemia, male infertility, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, and obesity. (Jurenka JS.2008) Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae) has been used for centuries in many cultures for the prevention and treatment of a wide number of health disorders such as inflammation, diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, dental plaque and to combat intestinal infections and malarial parasites. (Ismail ,et al,2012) colonic inflammation :The present study was designed to investigate the ameliorative potential of Punica granatum in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced ulcerative colitis. DSS (2%) was administered orally in drinking water for 7 days to induce ulcerative colitis. The extent and severity of ulceration was analysed macroscopically, histopathologically and using a disease activity index. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a specific marker of inflammation; histamine, a marker of mast cell degranulation; superoxide anion generation and, lipid peroxides were analysed. Administration of DSS resulted in a significant development of ulceration in the colon along with a rise in histamine, MPO activity and oxidative stress. Treatment with Punica granatum extract and its ellagic acid rich fraction (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg p.o.) significantly attenuated DSSinduced colonic inflammation along with attenuation of histamine, MPO and oxidative stress. The antiulcerative effect of Punica granatum extract and its ellagic acid rich fraction were comparable to sulphasalazine (100 mg/kg, p.o.) and sodium cromoglycate (40 mg/kg i.p). It is concluded that Punica granatum has a potential for ameliorating DSS-induced colitis and its ellagic acid rich fraction may be responsible for this effect. Further, the antiulcerative effects may be attributed to mast cell stabilizing, antiinflammatory and antioxidant actions.(Singh K, et al,2009) Role of pomegranate in treatment of cancer : 1- prostate cancer :There is currently a shifting focus towards finding natural compounds that may prevent or treat cancer, due to the problems that exist with current chemotherapeutic regimens. The fruit of the Punica granatum (pomegranate) contains hundreds of phytochemicals and pomegranate extracts have recently been shown to exhibit antioxidant properties, thought to be due to the action of ellagic acid, the main polyphenol in pomegranate. In this mini review the effects of pomegranate extracts and ellagic acid on the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and their future potential are discussed.(Bell C,et al,2008) 2-Colon cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related death in the Western world. Although cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents are available to treat the disease, these agents become ineffective as the disease advances to an invasive state. An alternative but viable approach to reduce the incidence of this deadly disease is then, to increase the dietary intake of relatively non-toxic fruits and vegetables. An example of a fruit with antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-atherosclerotic properties is pomegranate. Pomegranate produces anticancer effects in experimental models of lung, prostate and skin cancer. More recently, pomegranate has been found to be anti-carcinogenic in the colon. This communication discusses pomegranate's effect in colon cancer.(Khan S A,2009) Some researches: 1-Breast cancer chemopreventive properties of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit extracts in a mouse mammary organ culture We previously reported anticancer effects of pomegranate extracts in human breast cancer cells in vitro and also chemopreventive activity of pomegranate fermented juice polyphenols (W) in a mouse mammary organ culture (MMOC). In the present study we decided to expand the MMOC investigations to also include an evaluation of the potential chemopreventive efficacy of a purified chromatographic peak of W (Peak B), and also of whole pomegranate seed oil. In brief, an MMOC was established according to a known method. For the first 10 days of culture, the glands were treated with pomegranate fermented juice polyphenols (W), a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) peak separated from W (peak B), or pomegranate seed oil (Oil, and on day 3, exposed to the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), and for 10 days treated with the putative pomegranate chemopreventive. The glands were subsequently harvested and tumours counted by visual inspection. While W effected a 42% reduction in the number of lesions compared with control, peak B and pomegranate seed oil each effected an 87% reduction. The results highlight enhanced breast cancer preventive potential both for the purified compound peak B and for pomegranate seed oil, both greater than that previously reported for pomegranate fermented juice polyphenols.( Mehta R,et al,2004) 2-Pomegranate Ellagitannin–Derived Compounds Exhibit Antiproliferative and Antiaromatase Activity in Breast Cancer Cells Abstract Estrogen stimulates the proliferation of breast cancer cells and the growth of estrogen-responsive tumors. The aromatase enzyme, which converts androgen to estrogen, plays a key role in breast carcinogenesis. The pomegranate fruit, a rich source of ellagitannins (ET), has attracted recent attention due to its anticancer and antiatherosclerotic properties. On consumption, pomegranate ETs hydrolyze, releasing ellagic acid, which is then converted to 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one (“urolithin”) derivatives by gut microflora. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antiaromatase activity and inhibition of testosteroneinduced breast cancer cell proliferation by ET-derived compounds isolated from pomegranates. A panel of 10 ET-derived compounds including ellagic acid, gallagic acid, and urolithins A and B (and their acetylated, methylated, and sulfated analogues prepared in our laboratory) were examined for their ability to inhibit aromatase activity and testosterone-induced breast cancer cell proliferation. Using a microsomal aromatase assay, we screened the panel of ET-derived compounds and identified six with antiaromatase activity. Among these, urolithin B (UB) was shown to most effectively inhibit aromatase activity in a live cell assay. Kinetic analysis of UB showed mixed inhibition, suggesting more than one inhibitory mechanism. Proliferation assays also determined that UB significantly proliferation. The inhibited testosterone-induced remaining test compounds MCF-7aro also cell exhibited antiproliferative activity, but to a lesser degree than UB. These studies suggest that pomegranate ET–derived compounds have potential for the prevention of estrogen-responsive breast cancers. (Adams ,et al,2010) 3-Punicalagin, a polyphenol in pomegranate juice, downregulates p53 and attenuates hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cultured human placental syncytiotrophoblasts: Abstract Oxidative stress is associated with placental dysfunction and suboptimal pregnancy outcomes. Therapeutic interventions to limit placental injury from oxidative stress are lacking. Punicalagin is an ellagitannin and a potent antioxidant in pomegranate juice. We showed that both pomegranate juice and punicalagin decrease oxidative stress and apoptosis in cultured syncytiotrophoblasts p53 is involved in the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in trophoblasts. We now test the hypothesis that punicalagin limits trophoblast injury in vitro by regulating the levels of p53. We examined the expression of p53, mouse double minute 2 homolog, p21, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) α, and selected members of the B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) family of proteins in cultured syncytiotrophoblasts exposed to ≤1% oxygen in the absence or presence of punicalagin. We found that punicalagin attenuated hypoxia-induced apoptosis in syncytiotrophoblasts, as quantified by levels of cleaved polyADP ribose polymerase. This protective effect was in part mediated by reduced p53 activity shown by decreased expression of p21, lower HIF1α expression, and limited activity of caspases 9 and 3. There was no change in expression of proteins in the BCL2 family, which are also important in apoptosis. The data support a role for downregulation of p53 in the protection of human trophoblasts by punicalagin. ( Baosheng, et al,2013) Role of pomegranate in treatment of bronchial asthma : *-(Therapeutic potential of biodegradable microparticles containing Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) in murine model of asthma) Objective and design Among the options for treatment of diseases affecting the respiratory system, especially asthma, drug delivering systems for intranasal application represent an important therapeutic approach at the site of inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of biodegradable microparticles formed by poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) containing encapsulated pomegranate extract on a murine model of asthma. Material The extract was acquired from the leaves of P. granatum and characterized qualitatively by HPLC. A w/o/w emulsion solvent extraction–evaporation method was chosen to prepare the microparticles containing pomegranate encapsulated extract (MP). Treatment OVA-sensitized BALB/c mice were used as asthma model and treated with dexamethasone and P. granatum extract in solution form or encapsulated into microparticles. Results MP were able to inhibit leukocytes’ recruitment to bronchoalveolar fluid, especially, eosinophils, decreasing cytokines (IL-1β and IL-5) and protein levels in the lungs. Conclusions This approach can be used as an alternative/supplementary therapy based on the biological effects of P. granatum for managing inflammatory processes, especially those with pulmonary complications. (de Oliveirira J F, et al,2013) Scientific Classification : Kingdom :; Plantae (unranked) :; Angiosperms (unranked) :; Eudicots (unranked) :; Rosids Order :; Rosales Family :; Moraceae Tribe :; Ficeae Genus :; Ficus Subgenus :; Ficus Species :; F. carica Ficus Caria (Moraceae) comprises one of the largest genera of angiosperms with more than 800 species of trees, shrubs, hemiepiphytes, climbers, and creepers in the tropics and subtropics worldwide. This genus is an important genetic resource due to its high economic and nutritional values and also an important part of the biodiversity in the rainforest ecosystem. It is also a good source of food for fruit-eating animals in tropical areas. The genus is divided into six subgenera based on preliminary morphology. The monoecious subgenus Urostigma is the largest with about 280 species all inclusive, and most of them display distinctive hemiepiphytic habits. Ficus includes 23 species of hemiepiphytes and lithophytes which produce aerial and creeping root systems. F. carica L. is an important member of the genus Ficus. It is ordinarily deciduous and commonly referred to as “fig”. The common fig is a tree native to southwest Asia and the eastern Mediterranean, and it is one of the first plants that were humans.(D.G.Frodin,2004)( N. Rønsted, et al,2007) cultivated by (N. Rønsted, et al,2008)(M. Dueñas,, et al,2008). Description The fig is a tree of small dimensions, 10 to 30 ft (3-9 m) high, with numerous spreading branches and a trunk rarely more than 7 in (17.5 cm) in diameter. It contains copious milky latex. The root system is typically shallow and spreading, sometimes covering 50 ft (15 m) of ground, but in permeable soil some of the roots may descend to 20 ft (6 m). The deciduous leaves are palmate, deeply divided into 3 to 7 main lobes, these more shallowly lobed and irregularly toothed on the margins. The blade is up to 10 in (25 cm) in length and width, fairly thick, rough on the upper surface, softly hairy on the underside. What is commonly accepted as a "fruit" is technically a synconium, that is, a fleshy, hollow receptacle with a small opening at the apex partly closed by small scales. It may be obovoid, turbinate, or pear-shaped, 1 to 4 in (2.5-10 cm) long, and varies in color from yellowish-green to coppery, bronze, or darkpurple. Tiny flowers are massed on the inside wall. In the case of the common fig discussed here, the flowers are all female and need no pollination. There are 3 other types, the ''Caprifig'' which has male and female flowers requiring visits by a tiny wasp, Blastophaga grossorum; the "Smyrna" fig, needing crosspollination by Caprifigs in order to develop normally; and the "San Pedro" fig which is intermediate, its first crop independent like the common fig, its second crop dependent on pollination. The skin of the fig is thin and tender, the fleshy wall is whitish, pale-yellow, or amber, or more or less pink, rose, red or purple; juicy and sweet when ripe, gummy with latex when unripe. Seeds may be large, medium, small or minute and range in number from 30 to 1,600 per fruit.(Morton,J,1987) Cultivation: The fig can be grown on a wide range of soils; light sand, rich loam, heavy clay or limestone, providing there is sufficient depth and food drainage. Sandy soil that is medium-dry and contains a good deal of lime is preferred when the crop is intended for drying. Highly acid soils are unsuitable. The pH should be between 6.0 and 6.5. The tree is fairly tolerant of moderate salinity.(Morton,J,1987) Chemical composition: Ficus species contain flavanoid glycosides , alkaloids ,phenolic acids , steroids , saponins , coumarins ,tannins , triterpinoids – oleanolic acid , rusolic acid , α-hydroxy ursolic acid , protocatechuic acid , maslinic acid . The nonenzymatic constituents include phenolic compounds , flavanoids , vitamin C. The enzymatic constituents present are ascorbate oxidase , ascorbate peroxidise , catalase , peroxidise . The phenolic compounds present are gallic acid and ellagic acid . Furanocoumarins that are reported are psoralen ,bergapten .(Ram.P., et al ,1970-1979) β-sitosterol and a new tetracyclic tritepene – glaunol acetate are reported from the leaves , bark and heartwood of F.palmata . Besides , ceryl behenate , lupeol , α-amyrin acetate are reported from the stem bark of F.palmata . Taraxasterol tiglate in heartwood , quercitin-3-glucoside, rutin from leaves and three new methyl ethers of leucoanthocyanins (delphinidin-3-o-α- Lrhamnoside , pelargonidin-3-o-α-Lrhamnoside , leucocyanidin3-o-β-D-glactosyl cellobioside) , methyl ether of leucoanthocyanidin ,20-tetra triaconten-2-one , pentatriacontan5-one , 6-heptatriaconten-10-one , β-sitosterol-α-D- glucoside , meso-inositol were reported from the stem bark of F.benghalensis.(Ram, et al ,1970-1979)(Subramanian, et al, 1978) Triterpinoid constituents rhoiptelenol , 3α-hydroxyisohop-22(29)en-24-oic acid were isolated from the methanolic extracts of fresh leaves and stems of Ficus thumbergii . This species also contains lupenyl acetate β-amyrin acetate , α-amyrin acetate , lupeol , βamyrin , α-amyrin , glutinol , ursolic acid, betulinic acid in its leaves and stems (Janichi, et al ,1994) Besides the leaves , bark and fruits of F.benjamina contains cinnamic acid , lactose , naringenin quercetin , caffeic acid , stigmasterol .(Hassan, et al, 2002) Two new pentacyclic triterpenes 8,26-cyclo-urs-21-en-3β,20β-diol and 3β-acetoxy-8,26-cyclo-ursan-20β-ol and also 3-friedelanone, oleanolic acid, betulinic acid lupeol acetate, αand βamyrine, 3,5,7,4’-tetra hydroxyl flavones, 3,5,7,3’,4’-pentahydroxy flavanate are reported from the stem bark of Ficus cordata (Herve, et al, 2008) Fruit of F.carica shows spasmolytic activity, mediated through the activation of K+ ATP channels- along with anti platelet activity Hence, it can be used in gut motility and inflammatory disorders . (Anwarul, et al ,2008). Traditional and Current Uses: F. carica has been traditionally used for its medicinal benefits as metabolic, cardiovascular, respiratory, antispasmodic, and antiinflammatory remedy.(J.A.Duketal, et al,2002)( M. Werbach,1993) It is commonly referred to as “Fig”. Leaves, fruits, and roots of F.carica are used in native medicinal system in different disorders such as gastrointestinal (colic, indigestion, loss of appetite, and diarrhea), respiratory (sore throats, cough, and bronchial problems), inflammatory, and cardiovascular disorders.( I. H. Burkill,1935)( O. Penelope,1997) Fruits of F. carica can be eaten fresh or dried or used as jam. Figs are used as an excellent source of minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, and dietary fibre because it is fat and cholesterol free and contain high number of amino acids.( A. Slatnar, et al,2011)( R. Veberic, et al,2008) (R. Veberic, et al,2008) It is also reported that figs have been conventionally used for their therapeutic benefits as laxative, cardiovascular, respiratory, antispasmodic, and anti-inflammatory remedies.( P. M. Guarrera,2005) Uses and health benefits: Biological Activities: Anticancer Activity: A mixture of 6-O-acyl-β-d-glucosyl-β-sitosterols has been isolated as an effective cytotoxic agent from fig (F. carica) latex that showed in vitro inhibitory effects on proliferation of various cancer cell lines.(S.D.Yancheva,et al,2005)(S.Rubnov, et al,2001) Hepatoprotective Activity: The petroleum ether extract from leaves of F. carica was evaluated for hepatoprotective activity on rats treated with 50 mg/kg of rifampicin orally, and significant reversal of biochemical, histological, and functional changes induced by rifampicin on rats indicated potential hepatoprotective activity.(N.Y.Gond, et al,2008) Hypoglycamic Activity: The leaf extract induced a significant hypoglycamic effect in oral or intraperitoneal administration in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Weight loss was prevented in treated diabetic rats, and plasma insulin levels considerably altered the survival index. Results indicated that the aqueous extract of F. carica has an obvious hypoglycemic activity. (C.Perez, et al,1998) ntibacterial Activity and Anti-Fungal Activity: The methanol extract of F. carica (MICs, 0.156 to 5 mg/mL; MBCs, 0.313 to 5 mg/mL) showed a strong antibacterial activity against oral bacteria. The combination effects of methanol extract with ampicillin or gentamicin were synergistic against oral bacteria that showed that figs could act as a natural antibacterial agent. Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of F. carica latex were investigated for their antimicrobial proprieties in vitro against five bacterial species and seven strains of fungi using disc-diffusion method. The minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) of the methanol fraction showed a total inhibition against Candida albicans (100%) at a concentration of 500 μg/mL and a negative effect against Cryptococcus neoforman; methanolic extract (75%) strongly inhibited Microsporum canis and ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 750 μg/mL .(M.-R, et al,2009)(H.L, et al,2010) Antipyretic Activity: The ethanol extract of F. carica, at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, showed significant dose-dependent reduction in normal body temperature, and yeast provoked elevated temperature. The effect extended up to five hrs after drug administration while compared to that of standard antipyretic agent, paracetamol (150 mg/kg.b.wt., p.o.) . (V. V. Patil, et al,2010) Antituberculosis Activity: The 80% methanol extract from the leaves of F. carica has been screened against Mycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv using a colorimetric microplate-based assay. The result exhibited anti-tuberculosis activity with MIC value of 1600 µg/mL . (S. S. Khadabadi, et al,2007) Anthelmintic: The anthelmintic activity of the latex of F. carica was investigated in NIH mice naturally infected with Syphacia obvelata, Aspiculuris tetraptera, and Vampirolepis nana. The latex was administered in doses of 3 mL/kg/day during three successive days, was effective in the removal of S. obvelata (41.7%), and did not produce significant elimination of A. tetraptera (2.6%) and V. nana (8.3%). High acute toxicity with hemorrhagic enteritis was observed; additional to a weak anthelmintic efficacy, was not recommended the use of this lattice in traditional medicine.( A. De Amorin, et al,1999) Antimutagenic: Antimutagenic activity of the plant extract of F. carica on environmental xenobiotics was investigated. The plant extract decreased the level of mutations induced by N-metil-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) inVicia faba cells, chlorophyll mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana, and NAF induced mutability in rat marrow cells. The extract verified the ability to decrease the genotoxicity of environmental mutagens . (R. A. Agabeǐli, et al,2005) Anti-HSV: The water extract of the leaves of F. carica has been studied on anti-HSV effect and observed on Hep-2, BHK21, and PRK cells. The water extract possessed low toxicity and directly killing-virus effect on HSV. The MTC was 0.5 mg/mL, TDO was 15 mg/mL, and TI was 30.0 mg/mL. (G. Wang, et al, 2004) In vitro cytotoxic and antiviral activities of Ficus carica latex extracts. The latex of fig fruit (Ficus carica) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of skin infections such as warts and also diseases of possible viral origin. Five extracts (methanolic, hexanic, ethyl acetate, hexaneethyl acetate (v/v) and chloroformic) of this species were investigated in vitro for their antiviral potential activity against herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1), echovirus type 11 (ECV-11) and adenovirus (ADV). To evaluate the capacity of the extracts to inhibit the replication of viruses, the following assays were performed: adsorption and penetration, intracellular inhibition and virucidal activity. Observation of cytopathic effects was used to determine the antiviral action. The hexanic and hexane-ethyl acetate (v/v) extracts inhibited multiplication of viruses by tested techniques at concentrations of 78 µg mL(-1). These two extracts were possible candidates as herbal medicines for herpes virus, echovirus and adenovirus infectious diseases. All extracts had no cytotoxic effect on Vero cells at all tested concentrations.( Lazreg Aref H1, et al, 2011) FICUS CARICA ANTI-CANCER PROPERTIES (role of ficus carica in treatment of cancer ) In this research, we examined the antiprolifrative effect of fig tree latex in different concentrations including 2.5,5 and 10 mg/ml on esophageal cancer line. Experimental studies established that different natural agents, plant crude and extracts act as antioxidants and chemopreventive potential in various animal investigations having relationto human beings.( Aziz, et al,2003) Fig tree latex includes high amount of polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins which are the major components in Mediterranean diet in improving health disorders. (Solomon, et al,2006) Fig tree latex has also been reported to have a therapeutic effect on skin tumors and warts both in modern and traditional medicine. (Avicenna,1998)(Rubnov S, et al,2001) In a recent study, Lazreg Aref H et al. have reported that fig tree latex extracts are possible candi- cells without cytotoxic effects on normal cells. Our current research elucidates that fig tree latex affects the esophageal cancer line in a dose-dependent manner. In this relation, 10 mg/ml was the optimum concentration in culture media in prevention of cancer cells growth.(Lazerg, et al,2011) In vitro antimicrobial activity of four Ficus carica latex fractions against resistant human pathogens (antimicrobial activity of Ficus carica latex): Methanolic, hexanoïc, chloroformic and ethyl acetate extracts of Ficus carica latex were investigated for their in vitro antimicrobial proprieties against five bacteria species and seven strains of fungi. The green fruit latex was collected from Chott Mariam Souse, Middle East coast of Tunisia. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated and based respectively on the inhibition zone using the disc-diffusion assay, minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) for bacterial testing and the method by calculating inhibition percentage (I%) for fungiinhibiting activities. The methanolic extract had no effect against bacteria except for Proteus mirabilis while the ethyl acetate extract had inhibition effect on the multiplication of five bacteria species (Enterococcus fecalis, Citobacter freundei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Echerchia coli and Proteus mirabilis). For the opportunist pathogenic yeasts, ethyl acetate and chlorophormic fractions showed a very strong inhibition (100%); methanolic fraction had a total inhibition against Candida albicans (100%) at a concentration of 500 microg/ml and a negative effect against Cryptococcus neoformans. Microsporum canis was strongly inhibited with methanolic extract (75%) and totally with ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 750 microg/ml. Hexanoïc extract showed medium results.( Aref, et al, 2010) Researches 1-Ficus spp. (fig): Ethnobotany and potential as anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents Abstract:This review explores medieval, ancient and modern sources for ethnopharmacological uses of Ficus (fig) species, specifically for employment against malignant disease and inflammation. The close connection between inflammatory/infectious and cancerous diseases is apparent both from the medieval/ancient merging of these concepts and the modern pharmacological recognition of the initiating and promoting importance of inflammation for cancer growth. Also considered are chemical groups and compounds underlying the anticancer and antiinflammatory actions, the relationship of fig wasps and fig botany, extraction and storage of fig latex, and traditional methods of preparing fig medicaments including fig lye, fig wine and medicinal poultices. (Ephraim, et al,2008) 2-Aerobiological and immunochemical studies on Carica an aeroallergen from India(role of ficus carica in treatment of bronchial asthma ) Abstract Background: Carica L. is a fruit yielding tree, wildly grown or cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. Its pollen grain has been reported to be airborne and cause immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity. Objective: To conduct long-term aerobiological study on Carica pollen, along with aeroallergenic particles originating from it and to identify visà-vis characterize an important IgE-reactive component present in this pollen. Methods: The seasonal and diurnal periodicities of airborne carica pollen were recorded in a 5-year survey using a Burkard volumetric sampler. The allergenic potential was studied by skin prick tests, IgEenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and also by aeroallergen immunoblotting. The total pollen extract was fractionated by Sephacryl S200 column, and out of the eluted five fractions, the maximum IgEreactive fraction (as found in ELISA inhibition) was resolved into five major subfractions in reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The subfraction with optimum IgE reactivity was studied by activity gel, native and nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The homogeneity of the isolated protein fraction was checked by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit antisera and IgE reactivity was confirmed by ELISA inhibition and immunoblotting using individual patient sera. Results: The Carica pollen occurred in the air round the year with peaks during January and September–October. Among a patient population of 1000, skin-test results showed 27.8% +1 level and 5.6% +2/+3 level reactions. In aeroallergen immunoblotting of exposed Burkard tape segments, the detected allergen spots showed a significant correlation with airborne pollen count recorded. The pollen extract elicited loss of IgE reactivity when treated with reducing agent-like βmercaptoethanol and heat, but showed six IgE-reactive components in nonreducing IgE-immunoblot. The fraction 1 eluted from Sephacryl S200 column showed highest IgE reactivity and resolved into five major components in RP-HPLC. Out of these, the fraction showing optimum IgE reactivity in IgE-ELISA inhibition and immunoblotting with patient antisera, elicited esterase activity and found to be a homogenous protein of 100 kDa. Conclusion: Carica papaya tree contributes significantly to the aeropollen and aeroallergen load of the suburban outskirts of Calcutta metropolis, India. The pollen extract contains an important IgE-reactive protein component of 100 kDa molecular weight with esterase activity. (P.Chakraborty, et al, 2005) 3-PHYTOPHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THREE FICUS SPECIES - AN OVERVIEW , ABSTRACT Ficus plants are found throughout the world as moderate woody plants or trees. It has a vast traditional role in indigenious system of medicine like ayurveda, siddha, unani and homoeopathy. Ficus species, namely F. racemosa, , F. religiosa and F. benghalensis, are important ingredients in many Ayurvedic and traditional formulations. The barks ,leaves,fruits and latex are considered to be very effective in various treatments, such as diabetes, skin diseases, ulcers, dysentry, diarrohoea, stomachache, piles and as carminative ,astringent , anti inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer agent. The present review is therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its phytochemical and pharmacological properties.(Baby Joseph, et al ,2010) ************************************** Summary : These days the treatment by medicinal plants became very common in western culture, it focus on the idea of using the plants for medicinal purpose. But the current belief that medicines which come in capsules or pills are the only medicines that we can trust and use. Even so most of these pills and capsules we take and use during our daily life came from plants. Medicinal plants frequently used as raw materials for extraction of active ingredients which used in the synthesis of different drugs. Like in case of laxatives, blood thinners, antibiotics and antimalaria medications, contain ingredients from plants. Moreover the active ingredients of Taxol, vincristine, and morphine isolated from foxglove, periwinkle, yew, and opium poppy, respectively. **************************************** References: Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D et al. (June 2004). "Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation". Clin Nutr 23 (3): 423–33 Aviram M, Dornfeld L (September 2001). "Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure". Atherosclerosis 158 (1): 195–8. Aviram M, Dornfeld L, Rosenblat M et al. (May 2000)."Pomegranate juice consumption reduces oxidative stress, atherogenic modifications to LDL, and platelet aggregation: studies in humans and in atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice".Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71 (5): 1062–76. Adams LS1, Zhang Y, Seeram NP, Heber D, Chen S. 2010 Jan. Pomegranate ellagitannin-derived compounds exhibit antiproliferative and antiaromatase activity in breast cancer cells in vitro. Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2010 Jan;3(1):108-13 Anwarul Hassan Gilani, Malik Hassan Mehmood, Khalid Hussain Janbaz, Arif-ullah Khan, Sheikh Arshad Saeed, 2008. Ethnopharmacological studies on antispasmodic and antiplatelet activities of Ficus carica, Journal Of Ethnopharmacology , 2008, 119, pg : 1-5. A. Slatnar, U. Klancar, F. Stampar, and R. Veberic, 2011, “Effect of drying of figs (Ficus carica L.) on the contents of sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, vol. 59, no. 21, pp. 11696–11702, 2011. A. De Amorin, H. R. Borba, J. P. P. Carauta, D. Lopes, and M. A. Kaplan, 1999, “Anthelmintic activity of the latex of Ficus species,” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 255–258, 1999. Aziz MH, Kumae R, Ahmad N,2003. Cancer chemoprevention by resveratrol: in vitro and in vivo studies and the underlying mechanisms (review). Int J Oncol 2003;23: 17-28. Avicenna.1998,Canon of Medicine[CD-ROM], 2nd edn. Tehran: Iran Ministry of Health, 1998. Aref, Houda Lazreg/HL; Salah, Karima Bel Hadj/KB; Chaumont, Jean Pierre/JP; Fekih, Abdelwaheb/A; Aouni, Mahjoub/M; Said, Khaled/K; 2010 Jan. n vitro antimicrobial activity of four Ficus carica latex fractions against resistant human pathogens (antimicrobial activity of Ficus carica latex).Laboratoire de Génétique: Biodiversité et valorisation des bio ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.2010 Jan;23(1): 53-8. Barnes, P M; Powell-Griner E; McFann K; Nahin R L (2004-027). "Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Among Adults: United States, 2002" Bialonska D, Kasimsetty SG, Khan SI, Ferreira D (11 November 2009). "Urolithins, intestinal microbial metabolites of Pomegranate ellagitannins, exhibit potent antioxidant activity in a cell-based assay"J Agric Food Chem 57 (21): 10181–6. Bell C1, Hawthorne S.2008 Feb. Ellagic acid, pomegranate and prostate cancer -a mini review.School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queens University of Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.J Pharm Pharmacol. 2008 Feb;60(2):139-44. BABY JOSEPH AND S.JUSTIN RAJ. Oct-Dec.2010. PHYTOPHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THREE FICUS SPECIES - AN OVERVIEW. Interdisciplinary Research Unit, Department of Biotechnology, Malankara Catholic College. Dec.2010. Mariagiri, K.K District. India. Vol.1/Issue-4/Oct- Baosheng Chen,corresponding author Mark S. Longtine, and D. Michael Nelson. Oct 1, 2013.Punicalagin, a polyphenol in pomegranate juice, downregulates p53 and attenuates hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cultured human placental syncytiotrophoblasts.Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. Nov 15, 2013; 305(10): E1274– E1280 C. Perez, E. Domínguez, J. M. Ramiro, A. Romero, J. E. Campillo, and M. D. Torres, 1998, “A study on the glycaemic balance in streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated with an aqueous extract of Ficus carica (fig tree) leaves,” Phytotherapy Research, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 82–83, 1998. C. Ben Nasr, N. Ayed, and M. Metche,1996. Quantitative determination of the polyphenolic content of pomegranate peel. Zeitschrift für LebensmittelUntersuchung und Forschung, 1996, Volume 203, Issue 4, pages 374-378. Dahlgren, R. And R. F. Thorne; Thorne (1984). "The order Myrtales: circumscription, variation, and relationships". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 71 (3): 633–699. Don Woong Choi, Jee Yeun Kim, Seon Hee Choi, Hee Su Jung, Hyo Joo Kim, So Yean Cho, Chan Soon Kang and Seung Yeup Chang. 4 June 2006. dentification of steroid hormones in pomegranate (Punica granatum) using HPLC and GC–mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry, Volume 96, Issue , Pages 562–571. De Pascual-Teresa S, Santos-Buelga C, Rivas-Gonzalo JC, Williamson G (2002). "Antioxidant properties of gallocatechin and prodelphinidins from pomegranate peel". Redox Rep. 7 (41): 41–6. D. G. Frodin, 2004, “History and concepts of big plant genera,” Taxon, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 753–776, 2004. de Oliveira JF1, Garreto DV, da Silva MC, Fortes TS, de Oliveira RB, Nascimento FR, Da Costa FB, Grisotto MA, Nicolete R. 2013 Nov.Therapeutic potential of biodegradable microparticles containing Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) in murine model of asthma.Pró-Reitoria de Pós-Graduação, Pesquisa e Extensão, Universidade CEUMA (UNICEUMA), Rua Josué Montello, 1, São Luís, Maranhão, 65075-120, Brazil.Inflamm Res. 2013 Nov;62(11):971-80. doi: 10.1007/s00011-0130659-3. Esmaillzadeh A, Tahbaz F, Gaieni I, Alavi-Majd H, Azadbakht L (2004)."Concentrated pomegranate juice improves lipid profiles in diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia".J Med Food 7 (3): 305-8. Erich Heftmann, Shui-Tze Ko and Raymond D . 6 November 1966. Identification of estrogen in pomegranate seeds. Bennett, Phytochemistry, Volume 5, Issue 6, November 1966, Pages 1337–1339. Ephraim Philip Lanskya , Helena M. Paavilainena, Alison D. Pawlusb, Robert A. Newmana, b. June 2008. Ficus spp. (fig): Ethnobotany and potential as anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents.Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. Journal of Ethnopharmacology Volume 119, Issue 2, 26 September 2008, Pages 195–213. F. Hernández, P. Melgarejo, F. A. Tomás-Barberán and F. November 1999, Artés,Evolution of juice anthocyanins during ripening of new selected pomegranate (Punica granatum) clones. European Food Research and Technology, November 1999, Volume 210, Issue 1, pages 39-42. G. Wang, H. Wang, Y. Song, C. Jia, Z. Wang, and H. Xu, 2004 “Studies on anti- HSV effect of Ficus caricaleaves,” Zhong Yao Cai, vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 754–756, 2004. Heber DH (October 8, 2008). "Multitargeted therapy of cancer by ellagitannins". Cancer Lett 269 (2): 262–8 Herve.M.P.Poumate, Rodrigue.T.Kengap, Jean Claude Tchouankeu, Felix Keumedjio, Hartmut Laatsch, Bonaventure.T.Ngadjui, 2008, Pentacyclic Triterpenes and other constituents from Ficus cordata (Moraceae), Z.Naturforsch, 2008, 63b, pg : 1335-1338 Hassan Abdalla Almatry, Mawardi Rahmani, Mohd Aspollah Sukari, Abdul Manaf Ali, 2002. The chemical constituents of Ficus benzamina Linn. and their biological activities, Pertanika J. Sci and Technol, 2002, 11(1), pg : 73-81. H. L. Aref, K. B. H. Salah, J. P. Chaumont, A. Fekih, M. Aouni, and K. Said, 2010, “In vitro antimicrobial activity of four Ficus carica latex fractions against resistant human pathogens (antimicrobial activity ofFicus carica latex),” Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 53–58, 2010. Ismail T1, Sestili P, Akhtar S. 2012 Sep. Pomegranate peel and fruit extracts: a review of potential anti-inflammatory and anti-infective effects.1Department of Food Science and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Bosan Road, Multan, Pakistan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Sep 28;143(2):397-405. I. H. Burkil,1935l, A Dictionary of the Economic Products of Malay Peninsular, Ministry of Agriculture of Malaysia, 1935. James A. Duke (Dec–January 2000). "Returning to our Medicinal Roots". Mother Earth News: 26–33. J. A. Duke, M. J. Bugenschutz-godwin, J. Du collier, and P. K. Duke, 2002, Hand Book of Medicinal Herbs, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla, USA, 2nd edition, 2002. Jurenka JS.2008 Jun, Therapeutic applications of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.).Thorne Research, PO Box 25, Dover, ID 83825, USA. Altern Med Rev. 2008 Jun;13(2):128-44. Junichi Kitajima, Masanobu Arai, Yasuko Tanaka, 1994, Triterpenoid constituents of Ficus thumbergii, Chem.Pharm.Bull, 1994, 42(3), pg : 608-610. Kaplan M, Hayek T, Raz A et al. (1 August 2001). "Pomegranate juice supplementation to atherosclerotic mice reduces macrophage lipid peroxidation, cellular cholesterol accumulation and development of atherosclerosis". J Nutr. 131 (8): 2082–9. K. K. Jindal, R. C. Sharma (2004). Recent trends in horticulture in the Himalayas. Indus Publishing. ISBN 81-7387-162-0. ... bark of tree and rind of fruit is commonly used in ayurveda ... also used for dyeing ... Khan SA.2009 Jul. The role of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in colon cancer. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM) School of Pharmacy, 1858 West Grandview Blvd., Erie, PA 16509, USA. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2009 Jul;22(3):346-8. Kulkarni AP, Mahal HS, Kapoor S, Aradhya SM (February 21, 2007). "In vitro studies on the binding, antioxidant, and cytotoxic actions of punicalagin". J Agric Food Chem 55 (4): 1491–500. LaRue, James H. (1980). "Growing Pomegranates in California". California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Retrieved 2007-10-25. Lazreg Aref H1, Gaaliche B, Fekih A, Mars M, Aouni M, Pierre Chaumon J, Said K. 2011 Feb . In vitro cytotoxic and antiviral activities of Ficus carica latex extracts.Laboratoire de Génétique, Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio Ressources, UR 03ES09, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie, 5000 Monastir, Tunisie. Nat Prod Res. 2011 Feb;25(3):310-9. Lazreg Aref H, Gaaliche B, Fekih A, Mars M, Aouni M Pierre Chaumon J, Said K. 2011, Invitro cytotoxic and antiviral activities of Ficus carica latex extracts. Nat Prod Res 2011; 25(3):310-9. Morton JF (1987). "Pomegranate, Punica granatumL.". Fruits of Warm Climates. Purdue New Crops Profile. pp. 352–5. Retrieved 2012-06-14. Morton JF (1987). "Pomegranate, Punica granatumL.". Fruits of Warm Climates. Purdue New Crops Profile. pp. 352–5. Retrieved 2012-06-14. M.L . Dubois , J,G. Williamson, Retrieved December 24, 2012." The Pomegranate" Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611. Mertens-Talcott SU, Jilma-Stohlawetz P, Rios J, Hingorani L, Derendorf H (November 2006). "Absorption, metabolism, and antioxidant effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum l.) polyphenols after ingestion of a standardized extract in Chem. 54 (23): 8956–61. healthy human volunteers". J Agric Food Menezes SM, Cordeiro LN, Viana GS (2006). "Punica granatum (pomegranate) extract is active against dental plaque". Journal of herbal pharmacotherapy 6 (2): 79–92. Mehta R1, Lansky EP.2004 Aug. Breast cancer chemopreventive properties of pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit extracts in a mouse mammary organ culture. Department of Surgical Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2004 Aug;13(4):345-8. Morton, J. 1987. Fig. p. 47–50. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. M. Werbach,1993 , Healing with Food, Harper Collins, New York, NY, USA, 1993. M.-R. Jeong, H.-Y. Kim, and J.-D. Cha, 2009, “Antimicrobial activity of methanol extract from Ficus caricaleaves against oral bacteria,” Journal of Bacteriology and Virology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 97–102, 2009. M. Dueñas, J. J. Pérez-Alonso, C. Santos-Buelga, and T. Escribano-Bailón, 2008, “Anthocyanin composition in fig (Ficus carica L.),” Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 107–115, 2008. Neurath AR, Strick N, Li YY, Debnath AK (2004). "Punica granatum (Pomegranate) juice provides an HIV-1 entry inhibitor and candidate topical microbicide". BMC Infect. Dis. 4: 41. N. Y. Gond and S. S. Khadabadi, 2008, “Hepatoprotective activity of Ficus carica leaf extract on rifampicin-induced hepatic damage in rats,” Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 364–366, 2008. N. Rønsted, G. Salvo, and V. Savolainen, 2007, “Biogeographical and phylogenetic origins of African fig species (Ficus section Galoglychia),” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 190–201, 2007. N. Rønsted, G. D. Weiblen, V. Savolainen, and J. M. Cook, 2008, “Phylogeny, biogeography, and ecology ofFicus section Malvanthera (Moraceae),” Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 12–22, 2008. O. Penelope, 1997, Great Natural Remedies, Kyle Cathic Limited, New York, NY, USA, 1997. P. M. Guarrera, 2005, “Traditional phytotherapy in Central Italy (Marche, Abruzzo, and Latium),” Fitoterapia, vol. 76, no. 1, pp. 1–25, 2005. P. Chakraborty,D. Ghosh, I. Chowdhury, I. Roy, S. Chatterjee, S. Chanda,and S. Gupta-Bhattacharya.JUN 2005,Aerobiological and immunochemical studies on Carica papaya L. pollen: an aeroallergen from India. Article first published online: 2 JUN 2005, Issue Allergy Volume 60, Issue 7, pages 920–926, July 2005. Rasool Hassan BA (2012) Medicinal Plants (Importance and Uses). Pharmaceut Anal Acta 3:e139. doi: 10.4172/2153-2435.1000e139. Ram .P. Rastogi, Mehrotra .D. N., 1970-1979, Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants, 1970-1979, 2, pg : 319-321. R. Veberic, J. Jakopic, and F. Stampar, 2008, “Internal fruit quality of figs (Ficus carica L.) in the Northern Mediterranean Region,” Italian Journal of Food Science, .vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 255–262, 2008. R. Veberic, M. Colaric, and F. Stampar, 2008, “Phenolic acids and flavonoids of fig fruit (Ficus carica L.) in the northern Mediterranean region,” Food Chemistry, .vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 153–157, 2008. R. A. Agabeǐli and T. E. Kasimova, 2005, “Antimutagenic activity of Armoracia rusticana, Zea mays and Ficus carica plant extracts and their mixture,” Tsitologiia I Genetika, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 75–79, 2005. Rubnov S, Kashman Y, Rabinowitz R, Schlesinger M, Mechoulam R. 2001, Suppressors of cancer cell proliferation from fig (Ficus carica) resin: isolation and structure elucidation. J Nat Prod 2001; 64: 993-6. Seeram NP, Henning SM, Zhang Y, Suchard M, Li Z, Heber D (1 October 2006). "Pomegranate juice ellagitannin metabolites are present in human plasma and some persist in urine for up to 48 hours". J Nutr. 136 (10): 2481–5. Starling S (March 3, 2010). "FDA says Pom Wonderful antioxidant claims not so wonderful". NutraIngredients.com. Retrieved March 6, 2010. Shay Yehoshua Schubert, Ephraim Philip Lansky and Ishak Neeman. July 1999. Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids. Volume 66, Issue 1, July 1999, Singh K1, Jaggi AS, Singh N. 2009 Nov. Exploring the ameliorative potential of Punica granatum in dextran sulfate sodium induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India.Phytother Res. 2009 Nov;23(11):1565-74. Subramanian.PM., Misra.GS. 1978, Chemical constituents of Ficus bengalensis(part II), Polish Journal Of Pharmacology And Pharmacy, 1978 , 30(4), pg : 559-562. S. Rubnov, Y. Kashman, R. Rabinowitz, M. Schlesinger, and R. Mechoulam, 2001, “Suppressors of cancer cell proliferation from fig (Ficus carica) resin: isolation and structure elucidation,” Journal of Natural Products, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 993–996, 2001. S. S. Khadabadi, N. Y. Gond, N. B. Ghiware, and G. R. Shendarkar, 2007, “Hepatoprotective effect of Ficus carica leaf in chronic hepatitis,” Indian Drugs, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 54–57, 2007 Solomon A, Golubowicz S, Yablowicz Z, Grossman S, Bergman M, Gottlieb HE, Altman A, Kerem Z, Flaishman MA. 2006, Antioxidant activities and anthocyanin content of fresh fruits of common fig (Ficus carica L.). J Agric Food Chem 2006;54, 7717-23. Singh, R. P.; Chidambara Murthy, K. N.; Jayaprakasha, G. K. (2002). "Studies on the Antioxidant Activity of Pomegranate (Punicagranatum) Peel and Seed Extracts Using in Vitro Models".Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50 (1): 81–6. Schubert SY, Lansky EP, Neeman I (July 1999). "Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids". J Ethnopharmacol 66 (1): 11–17. S. D. Yancheva, S. Golubowicz, Z. Yablowicz, A. Perl, and M. A. Flaishman, 2005, “Efficient agrobacterium-mediated transformation and recovery of transgenic fig (Ficus carica L.) plants,” Plant Science, vol. 168, no. 6, pp. 1433–1441, 2005. Tapsell LC, Hemphill I, Cobiac L, et al. (August 2006). "Health benefits of herbs and spices: the past, the present, the future". Med. J. Aust. 185 (4 Suppl): S4–24. Vasant Lad (2002). Textbook of Ayurveda, Volume 1. Ayurvedic Press. ISBN 1883725-07-0. ... she was developing cataracts ... drop of pomegranate juice in the eye ..." V. V. Patil, S. C. Bhangale, and V. R. Patil, 2010, “Evaluation of anti-pyretic potential of Ficus carica leaves,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 48–50, 2010. Young Lim Kho, Woong Jung, Dohyeong Kwon and Jung Hoan Kim. June 2010. Identification of estrone in pomegranate (Punica granatum) extracts by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.Food Science and Biotechnology, June 2010, Volume 19, Issue 3, pages.