Download B20 C6 Checklist

B20 C6 Checklist: Digestion
 1.
 2.
 3.
 4.
 5.
 6.
 7.
 8.
 9.
 10.
 11.
 12.
6.1 Macromolecules
What are the 4 macromolecules important for life? What are their functions? What elements
are they composed of? Give examples of each. During digestion the macromolecules that we
ingest are broken down into their subunits. What are the subunits that make up
carbohydrates: __________________________, proteins ___________________, lipids _________________ and
nucleic acids __________________.
What is hydrolysis? What is dehydration synthesis? Use a diagram to illustrate each
biochemical process. Why are these important to understanding digestion?
What are the final products of the hydrolysis of proteins? Polysachharides? Lipids? Nucleic
acids?
Foods can be tested for the presence of simple sugars (glucose – monosaccharide), starch,
proteins and lipids. What indicators do we use to detect glucose ___________________, proteins
_________________, lipids ________________, starch ___________________? Describe how to do each test.
What color change indicates a positive reaction for each indicator
a. Biuret solution turns from light blue to ______________ in the presence of ________________
b. Iodine solution turns from golden yellow to ______________ in the presence of ________________.
c. Benedict’s reagent turns from blue to ________________ in the presence of _____________________.
d. Sudan IV turns from dark red (undissolved) to __________________ (dissolved) in the
presence of __________________.
6.1
Enzyme Action
Discuss, using a labeled diagram and explanations, what an enzyme does using the terms
substrate, active site, inhibitor, catalyze, reactants, products, activation energy,
coenzymes and cofactors. What type of macromolecule is an enzyme?
Explain the difference between the action of a competitive and a noncompetitive enzyme
inhibitor.
Describe the 4 graphs we studied on the different factors that affect enzyme action (reaction
rate is the y axis, the factors are the x axis). Explain the “story” of each graph.
• substrate concentration
• Temperature
• enzyme concentration
• pH
Positive and negative feedback loops are important parts of how living systems maintain
internal equilibrium. Describe how negative feedback loops control digestion and other
enzyme mediated reactions.
6.2
The Digestive System and the Digestion and Absorption of Macromolecules
List the digestive organs in order from mouth to anus.
What are the functions of each digestive organ?
List the 3 accessory organs to the digestive system? What is the function of each in
digestion?
What is the role of the epiglottis?
Describe how digestion is a function of both chemical and mechanical digestion. What is
the role of teeth, tongue, peristalsis, rugae in mechanical digestion?
What is salivary amylase? What is its function?
What is the pH of gastric juices? What enzyme is secreted in the stomach and what does it
digest? What pH do pepsinogen and pancreatin (a synthetic replacement used medically for
people who are lacking pancreatic enzymes) need for optimum functioning? How do we get
such an acidic environment in the stomach? What do we mean by alkaline environment?
an acidic environment? Where in the digestive system do we have alkaline environments?
 13.
 14.
 15.
 16.
 17.
 18.
 19.
 20.
 21.
 22.
 23.
How do we get an alkaline (basic) environment in the small intestine? What is the pH of the
small intestine?
What is the function of bile? Where is it made? Stored? Where in the digestive tract does it
help in digestion?
What is the enzyme that digests lipids?
What do the following enzymes digest, where are they produced and where do they function:
lipases, salivary amylases, pancreatic amylases, carbohydrases (sucrase, maltase, lactase)
pepsin, chymotrypsin, trypsin,
The pancreatic enzymes digest ______________, ________________, __________________and
_________________.
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscle as _____________________ (the storage form of
carbohydrates in animals) which is made of _______________ molecules.
Why are alcohol and aspirin absorbed into the bloodstream so much faster than nutrients
from food?
Describe in detail the digestion and absorption of lipids. Use a diagram or a flow chart to
answer the question. Include fat, bile, emulsification (physical digestion), enzymes and
organs where digestion and absorption occurs, diffusion, reassembling and coating of
triglycerides. Lipases which hydrolyze fats to their subunits fatty acids and glycerol are
primarily produced in the ____________________. What are the 2 products of lipid digestion? Why
would gallbladder attacks usually follow a large or fatty meal?
Describe in detail the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Use a diagram or a flow
chart to answer the question. Include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides,
enzymes and organs where digestion and absorption occurs, active transport, liver, glucose,
glycogen.
Describe in detail the digestion and absorption of proteins. Use a diagram or a flow chart to
answer the question. Include polypeptides, peptides, amino acids, enzymes and organs where
digestion and absorption occurs, active transport, liver. Where is trypsin made? Amino acids
from protein digestion are absorbed primarily from the _____________________.
What are the main digestive disorders in the stomach, small intestine, liver and colon?