Download Lección 11: Gramática

Lección 11: Gramática
1. Introducción al modo subjuntivo
2. El subjuntivo con verbos que indican
voluntad o deseo
3. El subjuntivo con verbos que
expresan emoción
4. Algunos usos de las preposiciones a,
de y en
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (1)
• The indicative is used to express factual, definite
events.
• By contrast, the subjunctive is used to reflect the
speaker’s feelings or attitudes toward events, or
when the speaker views events as uncertain,
unreal, or hypothetical.
• Because expressions of volition, doubt, surprise,
fear, and the like all represent reactions to the
speaker’s perception of reality, they are followed
in Spanish by the subjunctive.
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (2)
Present subjunctive forms of regular verbs
• To form the present subjunctive, add the
following endings to the stem of the firstperson singular of the present indicative, after
dropping the o. Note that the endings for the er and -ir verbs are identical.
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (3)
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (4)
• The following table shows how to form the
first-person singular of the present subjunctive.
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (5)
Present subjunctive forms of stem-changing
and irregular verbs
• Verbs ending in -ar and -er undergo the same
stem changes in the present subjunctive as in
the present indicative.
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (6)
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (7)
• For verbs ending in -ir, the three singular
forms and the third-person plural form
undergo the same stem changes in the
present subjunctive as in the present
indicative.
• However, in addition, observe that unstressed
e changes to i and unstressed o changes to u
in the first- and second-person plural forms.
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (8)
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (9)
• The following verbs are irregular in the
present subjunctive.
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (10)
Uses of the subjunctive
• The Spanish subjunctive is used in
subordinate, or dependent, clauses. The
subjunctive is also used in English, although
not as often as in Spanish. For example:
Sugiero
que llegue mañana.
I suggest
that he arrive tomorrow.
Main clause
Dependent clause
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (11)
• The expression that requires the use of the
subjunctive is in the main clause, I suggest.
• The subjunctive appears in the dependent
clause, that he arrive tomorrow.
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (12)
There are four main conditions that call for the use
of the subjunctive in Spanish.
1. Volition: demands, wishes, advice, persuasion,
and other impositions of will
Ella quiere que yo lo llame.
She wants me to call him.
Te aconsejo que no vayas a ese viaje.
I advise you not to go on that trip.
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (13)
2. Emotion: pity, joy, fear, surprise, hope, and so
on
Me sorprende que llegues tan temprano.
I am surprised that you are arriving so early.
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (14)
3. Unreality: expectations, indefiniteness,
uncertainty, nonexistence
¿Hay alguien aquí que hable español?
“Is there anyone here who speaks Spanish?”
No, no hay nadie que lo sepa.
No, there is no one who knows it.”
Introducción al modo subjuntivo (15)
4. Doubt and denial: negated facts, disbelief
No es verdad que Rosa sea azafata.
It isn’t true that Rosa is a flight attendant.
Dudo que tengas dinero.
I doubt that you have money.
Roberto niega que ella sea su esposa.
Roberto denies that she is his wife.
El subjuntivo con verbos que indican
voluntad o deseo (1)
• All expressions of will require the use of the
subjunctive in subordinate clauses.
• Note that the subject in the main clause must
be different from the subject in the
subordinate clause.
El subjuntivo con verbos que indican
voluntad o deseo (2)
• Some verbs of volition that require the use of
the subjunctive are:
Aconsejar
mandar querer
Decir
necesitar recomendar
Desear
pedir
sugerir
El subjuntivo con verbos que indican
voluntad o deseo (3)
Ejemplos:
¿Qué quieres que haga?
“What do you want me to do?”
Quiero que vayas al aeropuerto.
“I want you to go to the airport.”
El subjuntivo con verbos que indican
voluntad o deseo (4)
Necesito hablar con un médico.
“I need to talk with a doctor.”
Te sugiero que hables con el Dr. Paz.
“I suggest that you talk with Dr. Paz.”
• Note that the infinitive is used following verbs
of volition if there is no change of subject:
Quiero comer.
El subjuntivo con verbos que indican
voluntad o deseo (5)
• Certain verbs of volition (mandar, sugerir,
aconsejar, and pedir) are often preceded by an
indirect object pronoun, which indicates the
subject of the verb in the subjunctive.
Te sugiero que vayas al médico.
I suggest that you go to the doctor.
Le aconsejo que venga temprano.
I advise you to come early.
El subjuntivo con verbos que expresan
emoción (1)
• In Spanish, the subjunctive mood is always
used in the subordinate clause when the verb
in the main clause expresses the emotions of
the subject, such as fear, joy, pity, hope,
regret, sorrow, surprise, and anger.
• Again, the subject in the subordinate clause
must be different from the subject in the main
clause for the subjunctive to be used.
El subjuntivo con verbos que expresan
emoción (2)
• Some verbs of emotion that call for the
subjunctive are
temer
esperar
alegrarse (de)
sentir
Mañana salgo para Quito.
“Tomorrow I leave for Quito.”
Espero que te diviertas mucho.
“I hope you have a very good time.”
El subjuntivo con verbos que expresan
emoción (3)
- Temo no poder ir de vacaciones con ustedes
este verano.
“I’m afraid that I cannot go on vacation with you
this summer.”
- Espero que puedas ir con nosotros el verano
que viene.
“I hope that you can go with us next summer.”
El subjuntivo con verbos que expresan
emoción (4)
El subjuntivo con verbos que expresan
emoción (5)
• If there is no change of subject, the infinitive is
used.
Temo no poder ir. I’m afraid that I cannot go.
• The expression ojalá always takes the
subjunctive.
Ojalá que puedas venir. I hope you can come.
Algunos usos de las preposiciones a, de
y en (1)
The preposition a (to, at, in) expresses direction
toward a point in space or a moment in time. It
is used for the following purposes:
1. To indicate the time (hour) of day
A las cinco salimos para Lima.
At five we leave for Lima.
Algunos usos de las preposiciones a,
de y en (2)
2. After verbs of motion, when followed by an
infinitive, a noun, or a pronoun
Siempre vengo a comprar aquí.
I always come to buy here.
Algunos usos de las preposiciones a,
de y en (3)
3. After the verbs empezar, comenzar, enseñar,
and aprender, when followed by an infinitive
Ellos empezaron a salir.
They began to go out.
Te enseñé a bailar el tango.
I taught you to dance the tango.
Algunos usos de las preposiciones a,
de y en (4)
4. After the verb llegar
Cuando él llegó a su casa, le dieron los
pasajes.
When he arrived at his house, they gave him
the tickets.
Algunos usos de las preposiciones a,
de y en (5)
5. Before a direct object noun that refers to a
specific person. It may also be used to
personify an animal or a thing
Yo no conozco a ese médico. I don’t know that
doctor.
Bañé a mi perro.
I bathed my dog.
• If the direct object is not a definite person, the
personal a is not used.
Busco un buen médico. I’m looking for a good doctor.
Algunos usos de las preposiciones a,
de y en (6)
The preposition de (of, from, about, with, in)
indicates possession, material, and origin. It is
also used in the following ways:
1. To refer to a specific period of the day or night
when telling time
El sábado trabajé hasta las ocho de la noche.
On Saturday I worked until 8 P.M.
Algunos usos de las preposiciones a,
de y en (7)
2. After the superlative to express in or of
Orlando es el más simpático de la familia.
Orlando is the nicest in the family.
Algunos usos de las preposiciones a,
de y en (8)
3. To describe personal physical characteristics
Es morena, de ojos negros.
She is brunette, with dark eyes.
Algunos usos de las preposiciones a,
de y en (9)
4. As a synonym for sobre or acerca de (about)
Hablaban de todo menos del viaje.
They were talking about everything except
about the trip.
Algunos usos de las preposiciones a,
de y en (10)
The preposition en (at, in, on, inside, over) in
general situates someone or something within
an area of time or space. It is used for the
following purposes:
1. To refer to a definite place
Él siempre se queda en casa.
He always stays at home.
Algunos usos de las preposiciones a,
de y en (11)
2. As a synonym for sobre (on)
Está sentada en la silla.
She is sitting on the chair.
Algunos usos de las preposiciones a,
de y en (12)
3. To indicate means of transportation
Nunca he viajado en ómnibus.
I have never traveled by bus.