Download Exploration PPT - 7th Grade History

An Age of Explorations and Isolation
1400-1800
7th Grade World History
Background
By 1400, Europeans were ready to
venture beyond their borders
 Renaissance encouraged a new
spirit of adventure and curiosity
 Printing press spread ideas and
new maps and charts
I. Causes of European Exploration
#1- New Trade Routes
•
People want wealth; achieve that through trade

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Traded spices (nutmeg, ginger, cinnamon, pepper)
Introduced during Crusades; people still demanded
goods once wars ended
Demand greater than supply= high prices
Causes of European Exploration (cont’d)
• Trade routes controlled by Italians and Muslims
 Muslims sold Asian goods to Italians
 Italian merchants resold items at increased prices to
merchants throughout Europe
 Other traders did NOT like this and wanted new routes that
bypassed Italian merchants
Causes of European Exploration (cont’d)
#2- Spread Christianity
• Crusades left hostility between Christians and Muslims
• Europeans believed they
had a sacred duty to
continue fighting Muslims
and to convert non-Christians
Causes of European Exploration (cont’d)
• Bartolomeu Dias: early Portuguese explorer
“For God, Glory, and Gold”
(”To serve God and His majesty, to give light to those who
were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.”)
Causes of European Exploration (cont’d)
#3- New Exploration Technologies
• Caravel: stronger, sturdier ship with triangular sails
(adopted from Arabs); made it possible to sail against
the wind
• Astrolabe: brass circle w/ carefully
adjusted rings marked off in
degrees; used to calculate latitude
(perfected by Muslims)
• Compass: magnetically tracked
direction (Chinese invention)
II. Portugal leads the way
A.
Portugal was 1st to establish
trading outposts along the
west coast of Africa
B.
Prince Henry: son of
Portugal’s king
•
•
Nation’s most enthusiastic
supporter of exploration
Conquered Muslim city in
North Africa where he
discovered exotic wealth
never found in Europe
(cinnamon, cloves, pepper,
silver, gold, jewels.
Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
• Henry determined to find
the source of that wealth
• 1419 he founded a
navigation school in
Portugal
(mapmakers, shipbuilders,
scientists, and sea captains,
gathered there to perfect
their trade)
Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
• By Henry’s death, Portugal
held a series of trading
posts along western
African shores.
 Traded for gold and ivory
 Eventually, they traded for
African captives (slaves)
 Next, Portugal searched for
a trade route to Asia
Prince Henry’s Navigation School
Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
C.
Portugal secures a Sea Route to Asia
1.
Bartolomeu Dias
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
1487 Sailed down w. coast of Africa
where he reached the tip
Huge storm arose, battered ships
Realized his ships were blown around the tip
Explored SE coast but crew was exhausted so they
returned home
Cape of Good Hope
Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
2.
Vasco da Gama


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
1497 began exploring east African coast
Reached Calicut (SW coast of India)
Amazed by spices, rare silks, precious gems
Filled boats with goods and returned to Portugal
where they sold them for 60 times the cost of the
voyage

Da Gama’s voyage of 27,000 miles gave Portugal a
direct sea route to India
Portugal leads the way (cont’d)
3. Pedro Cabral
 Portuguese nobleman and military commander
 1500 first to sail WEST
 Traveled all the way to South America; first to discover
Brazil
 Explored the NE coast of South America and claimed it
for Portugal
Portuguese Accomplishments
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Navigation School
New technology (maps, charts, ships, tools)
Charted African coast
First to sail around Africa and get to India
Claimed Brazil in South America
Spanish Explorers
1492-1650
1. Christopher Columbus
 Columbus sailed west in
Aug. 1492 – reached
Bahamas on Oct. 12
 Explored Cuba &
Hispaniola, then returned
to Portugal March 4, 1493
 Made 3 more voyages
 Died convinced he had
been to Asia 4 times
2. Magellan
 Searched for passage
to Pacific Ocean
 Sailed through “straits
of Magellan”
 Died in Philippines
 Crew 1st to
circumnavigate the
world
Areas Explored by the Spanish in
North America
The Conquistadores
 Adelantados – private contractors
hired by King
 3. Hernan Cortes conquered
Mexican Empire (Aztecs), 1519-21
 Young minor nobleman
 Led revolt by subject tribes who resented
tribute & human sacrifices
Hernan Cortes
 4. Francisco Pizzaro conquered
Inca, 1531-32
 Took advantage of civil war
 Spread smallpox deliberately
Francisco Pizzaro
The Spanish Explorers
 Christopher Columbus
sailed west in Aug. 1492,
exploring Caribbean
 Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
divided world between Spain
(west) & Portugal (east)
 Amerigo Vespucci first to
call it a new continent
 Pedro Alvarez Cabral
claimed Brazil for Portugal in
1500
 Vasco Nuñez de Balboa
crossed Panama in 1513 &
sees Pacific
The Spanish Empire
 Viceroys ruled New Spain & Peru
on King’s behalf
 Each divided into provinces
 Governors & audencias (courts) ruled
provinces
 Haciendas = large plantations
growing cash crops (sugar, cotton,
cocoa, tobacco, etc.)
 Mines were principle source of
wealth for Spain
 16 million kg. entered Spain between
1503-1650
 Crown kept 1/5 (quinto)
 Flowed primarily to Spanish
Netherlands
Slave Labor
 Encomienda = grant of
Indian labor to mine &
hacienda owners
 Repartimiento =
requirement that
Indians work so many
days for Spanish
 Modeled on feudalism,
but no protection for
workers
 When Indians died off,
replaced by Africans
Impact on Europeans
 Europeans began to cross the Atlantic creating one of the
largest voluntary migrations in world history.
 Overseas expansion inflamed national rivalries in Europe
causing conflict.
 Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 (Spain Vs. Portugal)
 Growth of trade markets completely changed the world
FOREVER!
Spanish Exploration
 King/Queen:
 Isabella and Ferdinand
 Philip II
 Year: 1492-16002
 Areas Explored:
 Caribbean, South
America, Florida, South
West USA, Gulf of
Mexico, Mexico
 Explorers:
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Christopher Columbus
Herman Cortes
Ferdinand Magellan
Francisco Pizarro
 Accomplishments:
 Conquered Aztecs and
Incas, Control South and
Central America,
circumnavigate world
Spanish Exploration
 Outcomes:
 Many Spanish speaking
countries
 Wealth
 Large territories
 Notes:
 1492 Columbus –West
Indies
 1519- Cortes conquers
Aztecs
 1521- Ferdinand Magellan
1st to circumnavigate the
world
 1531- Pizarro conquers
Incas
The Columbian Exchange
• Voyages launched large-scale contact between Europe and Americas.
• Interaction with Native Americans led to sweeping cultural changes.
• Contact between the two groups led to the widespread exchange of plants,
animals, and disease—the Columbian Exchange.
The Exchange of Goods
Sharing Discoveries
• Plants, animals developed in very
different ways in hemispheres
• Arrival of Europeans in Americas
changed all this
• Europeans—no potatoes, corn,
sweet potatoes, turkeys
• Previously unknown foods taken back
to Europe
• People in Americas—no coffee,
oranges, rice, wheat, sheep, cattle
• Familiar foods brought to Americas by
colonists
The introduction of beasts of burden to the Americas was a significant
development from the Columbian Exchange. The introduction of the horse
provided people in the Americas with a new source of labor and transportation.
Effects of the Columbian Exchange
Different Foods
• Exchange of foods, animals had dramatic impact on later societies
• Over time crops native to Americas became staples in diets of Europeans
• Foods provided substantial nutrition, helped people live longer
Economics and Gastronomics
• Activities like Texas cattle ranching, Brazilian coffee growing not
possible without Columbian Exchange; cows, coffee native to Old
World
• Traditional cuisines changed because of Columbian Exchange
Italian Food Without Tomatoes?
• Until contact with Americas, Europeans had never tried tomatoes
• Most Europeans thought tomatoes poisonous
• By late 1600s, tomatoes had begun to be included in Italian cookbooks
Effects Widespread
Effects of Columbian Exchange felt not only in Europe,
Americas
 China
 Arrival of easy-to-grow, nutritious corn helped
population grow tremendously
 Also a main consumer of silver mined in Americas
 Africa
 Two native crops of Americas—corn, peanuts—still
among most widely grown
 Scholars estimate one-third of all food crops
grown in world are of American origin
 French settle Quebec (1608)
& Montreal (1642) and what
would become Canada
 Control St. Lawrence River
& access to interior of
North America
 Develop a fur trade
Explorers Sailing for France
 Giovanni da
Verrazano
 1524- Italian but sailed for
France
 Was looking for the
Northwest Passage or a
passage to the Pacific
Ocean
 Discovered New York
Harbor
Explorers Sailing For France
 Jacques Cartier - France Reached St. Lawrence River Claimed Eastern Canada for
France – 1534
 Samuel de Champlain - France
- “Father of New France” Established Quebec (the 1st
permanent French colony in N.
America) - Established
settlements and explored
Maine, Montreal & Nova Scotia
- 1608
French Exploration
 King/Queen:
 Louis XIV
 Year: 1524-1680
 Areas Explored:
 Canada and St. Lawrence
River
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Explorers:
Giovanni Verrazano
Jacques Cartier
Samuel de Champlain
 Outcomes:
 Large territory gains
 Fur trade
 Friendly with Natives
French Exploration
 Accomplishments:
 Settled Canada
 Built a relationship with
the native populations
 Will be important later
 Large fur trade
 Notes:
 1524- Verrazano settles
the Carolinas to
Newfoundland
 1534- Jacques Cartier-1st
down St. Lawrence River
 1603- Samuel de
Champlain- Down St.
Lawrence River to the
Great Lakes and the NE
coast
English Explorers

English
1.
John Cabot, sailed to Canada and founded Newfoundland
English Explorers
 Sir Walter Raleigh (1587)
 Favorite of Queen
Elizabeth I
 Founded the VA colony or
Roanoke
 Raleigh, NC named after
him
English Explorers Cont…
2.
Sir Francis Drake, sailed to southern tip of South
America and stopped over in modern day California.


Defeated the Spanish Armada
#2 to circumnavigate the world.
England vs. Spain!
 By the 1570s, Queen Elizabeth I
was concerned with Spain’s
increasingly global influence
 Fearful of an open confrontation
with Spain she gave her
unofficial approval to piracy
against Spanish ships and
settlements
 Men such as Sir Francis Drake
cruised the shores of Spanish
America stealing from ships,
settlements and people – These
men became know as Privateers
Watch Out! Here Comes the Armada!
 Eventually Spain, seeking
revenge against England
for attacks on her
colonies dispatched her
huge fleet of ships known
as the Spanish Armada
against England’s fleet
 King Philip II felt he had
to destroy the English
fleet to solve the problem
Defeat of the Armada!
 Despite being greatly
outnumbered, the English fleet
was faster and pounded the huge
Galleons with artillery before they
could get close enough to board
the smaller vessels
 Having been badly damaged in the
battle the fleet was forced up
through the English Channel into
the North Sea where a fierce storm
further crippled the fleet
 In a single battle, Spain lost almost
all of her naval forces and the
English way to the Americas was
clear
English Explorers
 King/Queen
 Henry VII
 Elizabeth I
 Year:
 1496-1600s
 Explorers:
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John Cabot
Sir Walter Raleigh
Sebastian Cabot
Sir Francis Drake
English Explorers
 Areas Explored
 Canada
 Mid-Atlantic Coast
 Outcomes
 Colonized much of
North America,
especially the NE coast.
English Exploration
 Accomplishments
 Established future
American colonies
 Charted American
coast
 Defeated the Spanish
Armada
 Circumnavigated
 Notes
 1497-John Cabot Charted
Newfoundland
 1508- Sebastain CabotCanada and Greenland
 1577-80- Sir Francis DrakeCircumnavigated and
defeated the Spanish
Armada
 Sir Walter RaleighRoanoke attempts/ went
3x
Key Terms
Capitalism: an economic system based on investment of
money for profit.
Market economy: an economy in which prices are determined
by the buying and selling decisions of individuals in the
marketplace
Mercantilism: an economic policy by which nations try to
gather wealth by establishing colonies and controlling trade.
All these terms deal with economics, or money.