Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Romanesque Architecture
Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
The Catholic Church and The Rise of Cities Power in Numbers Almost everyone living in Western Europe was Catholic Called “The Church” Financial Power Tithes-10% of income given to Church Owned large portions of land Political Power Canon Law- everyone subject to Church Law Popes & Bishops exercised power o/r kings and lords Knowledge is Power Clergy members literate when most were not Preserved Bible and other texts Established first universities Benefits of Belonging Church as a Unifying Force – Feudalism created divisions but… – Shared beliefs in the Church brought people together; provided sense of community – Provided stability during a time of feudal warfare – Village church served as religious and social center Offered relief to hard life on Earth – Welcomed the poor – By completing sacraments, religious ceremonies, followers could receive salvation- eternal life in heaven Power Structure Church organization was similar to Feudalism – Power was based on status Clergy- religious officials, – Had different jobs in the Church – Were ranked- given power over other clergy members The Pope Head of the Church God’s representative on Earth Resides in Vatican City Wielded power over kings and lords through excommunication – Excommunication- kicked out of Church; denied salvation; vassals were freed of obligations Why is this threatening to a king? Have had power disputes w/ kings and emperors High Church Officials Cardinals – Supervise priests in several parishes (churches) – Choose the next pope Archbishops/Bishops – Supervise priests in several parishes (churches) – Solve religious disputes Other Clergy Monks – – – – and Nuns Lived away from society Dedicated lives to God Took care of sick and poor Copied bible an other works Priests- center of religious life; conducted all ceremonies in a manor, town or village Friars- traveled from place to place spreading the beliefs of the Church Medieval Towns and Cities Reasons for the Growth of Towns Surplus of food – Warmer climate – New farming methods Revival of trade – Ancient trade routes used again – Crusaders brought back goods from the Middle East – Europeans wanted goods their manor did not supply Growth of business and banking Role of Guilds Guilds- a group of individuals in the same business, trade, or craft – Worked to improve the lives of its members – Set standards on quality and prices of goods – Helped train new workers Apprentice-unpaid, worked for a master craftsman for 2-7 years Journeyman- salaried, worked for a master till they produced a “masterpiece” Cathedral Competitions Small towns and manors had simple churches As towns and cities grew they tried to build the biggest and grandest cathedrals Cathedrals- attracted religious pilgrims Romanesque Architecture Weight of the heavy roof is supported by thick stone walls and columns The weight of the arch pushes the walls outward, so stones were added on the sides for support Allows little space for windows St Peters Cathedral, Rome The Cathedral and Leaning Tower in Pisa The floor plans of many medieval cathedrals are in the shape of the cross The Cathedral and Leaning Tower in Pisa- Ariel View Gothic Cathedrals Weight is transferred to thick outer walls by flying buttresses Allowed space for enormous stained glass windows Chartres Cathedral, France Artisans carved intricate sculptures that depicted religious stories around entranceways and arches Interior- Chartres Cathedral, France The Life of Christ Panel from The Life of Christ depicting the Nativity Problems in Medieval Cities Housing Houses were tiny and clustered close together Made of wood Fires were common and spread rapidly Sanitation (Or Lack There Of) Cities often overcrowded Most streets made of mud, some gravel or stone – Open sewers along the sides – Filled with animals and waste – Family’s chamber pots were dumped into the streets Streets were built on top of older streets – As a result the filth would rush into houses Perfect breeding ground for disease
