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Biology Common Assessment Study Guide
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Active Transport
Asexual reproduction
Cell
Cell division
Cell function
Cell growth
Cell membrane
8. Diffusion
9. Fertilization
10. Genetic material
11. Multi-cellular
organism
12. Organ
13. Organisms
14. Organ System
15. Osmosis
16. Photosynthesis
17. Sexual reproduction
18. Specialized cells
19. Tissue
20. Unicellular organism
1. What are the similarities and differences between unicellular and multicellular
organisms? Provide examples of each.
All living organisms are composed of cells, which are living. Cells are made of atoms, which
are nonliving. Unicellular organisms are made of only one cell. Multicellular organisms are
made of two or more cells.
Examples:
Unicellular – Bacteria and Protozoa
Multicellular – Animals and Plants
2. How do cells make up tissues, organs, and organ systems in multicellular organisms?
Provide examples of each for both animals and plants.
Specialized cells makeup specialized tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells of similar
structure that work together are tissues. Tissues of different types working together
are organs. Organs work together, and they are called organ systems.
Examples:
Tissue – Muscle for Animals and Epidermis for Plants
Organs – Heart for Animals and Leaves for Plants
Organ Systems – The Digestive System for Animals and the Root System for Plants
3. How and why do specialized cells take in nutrients? Use words such as cell membrane,
diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
Nutrients pass through the cell membrane into the interior of the cell by diffusion (no
energy is used). Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high
concentration to an area of lower concentration. Water can pass into the cell by osmosis,
which is a kind of diffusion. Nutrients that cannot pass through the cell membrane by
diffusion enter through active transport, which uses energy. Nutrients taken into the cell
provide energy and the materials necessary for the cell to build and repair.
4. Why is it important for cells to function in a similar way in all organisms?
All organisms need food, oxygen (air), and need to remove wastes. These needs are
performed at the cellular level.
5. What is the difference between cell growth of unicellular and multicellular organisms?
Cell growth in unicellular organisms is due to an increase in the size of the cell. Cell
growth in multicellular organisms is due to increase in the size of cells and increase in the
number of cells.
6. How do cells become specialized in multicellular organisms for specific functions?
Multicellular organisms begin as one cell and develop into complex organisms. Cell division
is the process that cells undergo to increase in cell number. As cells divide, they begin to
specialize. Specialized cells have a specific job or function to do for the tissue.
7. How do plants use light and energy transformation to produce carbohydrates, proteins,
and fats? Use words such as chloroplast and stomata to describe this.
Photosynthesis is the process where plants use carbon dioxide/water (taken in from the
stomata), and light energy from the sun to produce their own food (sugars). Food (sugars)
is an example of chemical energy. The light energy changes into chemical energy in the
leaves (chloroplast). Using the food (sugars) produced, plants build more complex
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which are larger molecules.
8. What are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats? Provide an example of each.
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are considered chemical building blocks because plants
use them for growth and repair.
Examples:
Carbohydrates – Potatoes
Proteins – Beans
Fats – Olive Oil
9. Why are the raw materials carbon dioxide and water needed to produce carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats?
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, which come from
the carbon dioxide and water that plants use during photosynthesis.
10. What evidence do we have that plants make, store, and use their own food?
Plants make their own food during the process of photosynthesis. Plants store some of
their food to use later. For example, as a seed germinates, it shrivels because the
growing seedling is using its stored food. Plant parts rich in food value include nuts,
seeds, and roots (carrots and beets). Plants can use their own food storage if need or
pass on their food energy to animals.
11. What are the similarities and differences between sexual and asexual reproduction?
Reproduction is necessary for the survival of species. The genetic material that is
responsible for an organism’s characteristics (traits) are passed on from parent to
offspring. In sexual reproduction, male and female reproductive cells combine to form
offspring with genetic material from both cells. The offspring closely resembles the
parents. In asexual reproduction, a single organism produces offspring that have the
exact same genetic material.
12. What are the advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?
Advantages of sexual reproduction include variation among offspring, which may help an
organism survive. Advantages of asexual reproduction include large numbers of offspring
that are identical and can be accomplished without a mate.
13. What are the disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction?
Disadvantages of sexual reproduction include using energy to find a mate, smaller number
of offspring, and long term care for offspring. Disadvantages of asexual reproduction
include lack of genetic variation.
14. What are the characteristics of life?
All living things need and use energy, excrete waste, adapt to their environments,
reproduce, and grow/develop.