Download Endemic birds of Puerto Rico - Zoology Lab

Vertebrate Amniotes: Bird
Exercise 21
Goals for today
• Learn to recognized the different anatomical,
physiological, and behavioral adaptations of
birds
• Learn about some species biology
Class Reptilia-Aves
Class Reptilia-Avis
Hallmark characteristics of birds:
1. Forelimb modified into wings
2. Forelimb digits reduced; no claws (garras)
3. Body covered in feathers
4. Many weight-saving and strengthening
adaptations of skeleton
5. Horny beak without teeth
6. Note: birds shown here mostly are the same
as or closely related to those observed as
skins, mounts, skulls, or feet in lab
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7j44T4D_WMI&feature=related
Características para facilitar el vuelo
1. Plumas de keratina-son escamas
modificadas para mantener calor
y volar
2. Sacos de aire- mas eficientes
para respirar
3. Reducción de órganos- solo un
ovario y no tienen la vejiga
urinaria. Gónadas en ambos
sexos son pequeñas
4. Huesos huecos- ligero para volar,
no dientes, y esternón contiene
los músculos para volar.
Beaks
Birds' diets are varied and often include
nectar, fruit, plants, seeds, carrion, and
various small animals, including other
birds. Because birds have no teeth, their
digestive system is adapted to process
unmasticated food items that are
swallowed whole. Wikipedia.
Feet
In biology, dactyly is the arrangement of digits
(fingers and toes) on the hands, feet, or sometimes
wings of a tetrapod animal.
Anisodactyly is the most
common arrangement of
digits in birds, with three
toes forward and one back.
This is common in
songbirds and other
perching birds, as well as
hunting birds like eagles,
hawks, and falcons.
Feet
Birds' feet provide information about the type of
habitat the animals use
Sound Production
• Short clicks (swifts), whistles (tinamous), and
long complex songs (wrens and many
passerine), including imitations (mockingbirds
and lyrebirds)
Sound Production
Songs: primarily under the influence of sex
hormones generally important in reproduction
(e.g., defending territories & attracting mates)
Calls: generally concerned with coordination of the
behavior of a pair, family group, or flock not
primarily sexual, but important in 'maintenance'
activities, such as foraging, flocking, & responding
to threats of predation usually are acoustically
simple may serve a variety of functions.
Sound production in birds: Syrinx
• The avian larynx is located at
the top of the trachea
• Unlike the mammalian
larynx, in birds it does not
have vocal cords
• The larynx only serves to
open and close the glottis
keeping food and water out
of the respiratory tract. Very
littler role as sound
production mechanism.
The syrinx produces complex sounds
and can produce two independent
songs simultaneously
If you open carefully your bird you will
see it
See how the syrinx works here
• http://www.indiana.edu/~songbird/multi/Co
wbird%20Movie%207.swf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dx2CUMtZ-0&feature=related
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eI_quJRRGxk&feature=related
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSB71jNq-yQ&feature=related
Cool
Birds!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4dcQO6Zb8Eg
• Some birds can hear infrasonic sounds
(below human hearing range, below
20kHz)
• Most birds are not known to do so, except
for the Cassowaries-large flightless,
solitary birds of dense forest in New
Guinea
• They also produces pulsed booms
between 23-32Hz that are felt as strange
vibrations by humans.
• These sounds allow them to communicate
over long distances through thick forests,
just as the elephants in West Africa.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Wn9IUR7
i8s&feature=related
Puerto Rican Avifauna
The avifauna of Puerto Rico includes a total of 349 species, of
which 166 (47.56%) are accidental, 42 (12.03%) are introduced
by humans and 16 (4.58%) are endemic. Around 120 of these
species breed in Puerto Rico while the majority of the others
overwinter in the archipelago.
Introduced
Some examples of endemic birds of
Puerto Rico
The Puerto Rican Amazon (Amazona vittata), also known as
the Puerto Rican Parrot or Iguaca, is the only bird endemic to
the archipelago of Puerto Rico belonging to the Neotropical
genus Amazona
Endemic birds of Puerto Rico
The Puerto Rican Lizard Cuckoo o Pajaro bobo menor
(Coccyzus vieilloti) is a cuckoo endemic to the island of Puerto
Rico, and is one of 4 species of lizard-cuckoos which occur
only on Caribbean islands
Endemic birds of Puerto Rico
The Puerto Rican Screech Owl (Megascops nudipes) or
Múcaro (Spanish via Taino) is a nocturnal endemic owl of the
archipelago of Puerto Rico belonging to the Megascops genus
of the Strigidae family.
Endemic birds of Puerto Rico
The Puerto Rican Nightjar o Guabairo, Caprimulgus
noctitherus, is a very rare bird found in the coastal dry scrub
forests in localized areas of southwestern Puerto Rico.
Endemic birds of Puerto Rico
The Green Mango o Zumbador verde (Anthracothorax viridis)
is a large species of hummingbird endemic to the main island
of Puerto Rico and its archipelago. It is usually found in the
mountainous regions of the island, often in coffee and other
kind of plantations.
Endemic birds of Puerto Rico
The Puerto Rican Emerald (Chlorostilbon maugeaus), or
Zumbadorcito de Puerto Rico in Spanish, is an endemic
hummingbird found only in the archipelago of Puerto Rico.
NativePhotos
andde Carlos
endemic
birds
of
Andres Rodriguez
Puerto Rico
Yaboa común: joven
Zumbador crestado
Pájaro Bobo Menor
Zorzal Pardo
Ruiseñor
Today
Bird Skeleton
Internal Anatomy
Feathers