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LUNG
Bronchial Tree
 The
right main
bronchus

Wider

More vertical
Bronchial Tree
trachea
Right main bronchus
Lobar bronchus
Segmental
bronchus
Left main bronchus
Lobar bronchus
Bronchopulmonary Segment
Bronchopulmonary Segment

Segmental bronchus and its accompanying
pulmonary artery branch

10 in each lung (some fuse in the left lobe)
Bronchopulmonary Segment
Position
Midclavicular Midaxillary Scapular
line
line
line
Paravertebral
line
Inferior
border
of the
lung
Rib 6
Rib 8
Rib 10
T10
Inferior
border
of the
pleura
Rib 8
Rib 10
Rib 11
T12
Lung

Base: the diaphragm

Apex: rib I, into the root of the neck

Surfaces: costal surface, mediastinal
surface

Borders: inferior border, anterior border,
posterior border
Hilum and Root
 Root
of the lung (Anterior to posterior)
superior pulmonary vein
pulmonary artery
main bronchus
inferior pulmonary vein
 Pulmonary
ligament
Right Lung

2 fissures, 3 lobes
oblique fissure
horizontal fissure
superior lobe
middle lobe
inferior lobe
Right Lung

The root of the lung (superior to inferior)
bronchus to superior lobe
pulmonary artery
bronchus to middle and inferior lobes
superior pulmonary vein
inferior pulmonary vein
Right Lung
 Structures
adjacent to the medial
surface of the right lung
the heart
the inferior vena cava
the superior vena cava
the azygos vein
the esophagus
Left Lung
1 fissure, 2 lobes 
oblique fissure
superior lobe
inferior lobe
Left Lung
The root of the lung (superior to inferior) 
pulmonary artery
main bronchus
superior pulmonary vein
inferior pulmonary vein
Left Lung
Structures adjacent to the medial surface
of the left lung
the heart
the aortic arch
the thoracic aorta
the esophagus

Lung
right
left
Pulmonary Vessels

Pulmonary arteries ← the pulmonary trunk

Pulmonary veins → back into the left atrium
Bronchial Vessels

Bronchial arteries and veins interconnect
within the lung with braches of the
pulmonary arteries and veins

“Nutritive” vascular system
Bronchial Vessels

Bronchial arteries ← thoracic aorta or one
of its branches
on the posterior surfaces of the bronchi
and ramify in the lungs to supply
pulmonary tissues.
Bronchial Vessels
Pulmonary veins or left atrium
Bronchial veins
Azygos veins or superior
intercostal veins or hemiazygos
veins
Innervation
Innervation

The vagus nerves constrict the
bronchioles

The sympathetic system dilate the
bronchioles
Lymphatic drainage
tracheobronchial parasternal brachiocephalic
nodes
nodes
nodes
right or left bronchomediastinal trunks
deep veins at the base of the neck, or
right lymphatic trunk or thoracic duct
The lungs
The lung is covered, over most of its surface, by a thin
and smooth membrane, the visceral pleura. On the
medial surface of the lung, at the hilum (L., a little
thing) this smooth membrane reflects away from the
surface of the lung and folds back to line the internal
surface of the cavity in which the lung is suspended.
This latter layer is known as the parietal pleura and
covers the inner surface of the chest wall, the superior
surface of the diaphragm, and the lateral surface of
the mediastinum. Specialized regions of the parietal
pleural membrane are named for the structures they
cover.
The mediastinal pleura covers the lateral surface of
the mediastinum. The diaphragmatic pleura covers the
superior surface of the diaphragm. The costal pleura
lines the internal surface of the ribcage. The most
superior portion of the pleural membrane, the cervical
pleura, or dome of the pleura, extends 1 to 2 cm into
the neck above the level of the clavicle and first rib. All
of these portions of the parietal pleura are, of course,
continuous with each other.
The visceral and parietal pleurae are continuous with
each other at the hilum, where a slightly elongated
"collar" of pleura forms. Encircled by this collar are the
structures that connect the lung to the mediastinum:
the pulmonary and bronchial vessels, the airways,
nerves, lymphatics, and the connective tissue.
A small inferior extension of this pleural collar is
known as the pulmonary ligament, and, in the living, it
may be palpated during surgery as a firm shelf of
tissue on the medial surface of the lung. The pleural
cavity is the potential space between the visceral and
parietal pleurae.
Inferolaterally on each side of the chest, where the
lateral edge of the diaphragm meets the chest wall, is
the costodiaphragmatic (costophrenic) recess. This
recess is very lucent (i.e., dark) on an x-ray when the
lung expands fully to fill it; at expiration, however, the
lung recedes upward and the diaphragm and chest
wall move near to each other once again, and the
lucency disappears.
If, however, a patient has blood or inflammatory fluid in
the pleural cavity, the fluid flows down into this recess,
and in such a patient's x-ray at inspiration the angle is
"blunted" by the accumulated fluid. There is another
normally widened area of the pleural cavity anterior to
the heart, on the left side, known as the
costomediastinal recess. It becomes lucent at
inspiration when the lingula of the left lung expands
into it.