Download unit vii – the middle ages (ad800-ad1417)

UNIT VII – THE MIDDLE AGES (AD800-AD1417)
You cannot serve both God and mammon. – Luke 16:13
He who receives you receives me, and he who receives me receives him who sent me. – Matthew 10:40
TERMS TO KNOW
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OBEDIENCE – Gospel virtue to choose to give my free will to another out of love for God
FILIOQUE – literally, “and the Son”; theological position that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father
and the Son; this theological position, held in the Latin Rite, led to a separation within the Church
CRUSADES – a series of 4 (major) DEFENSIVE military campaigns between 1095 and 1270 undertaken
by Catholics and Eastern Orthodox Christians
MENDICANT – from Latin for beggar; members of religious orders who are forbidden to own property
and work or beg for their living
INQUISITION – Church trials established to help stop heresy
INQUISITORS – special judges who examined and judged the doctrinal opinions and moral conduct of
suspicious individuals
AVIGNON PAPACY – period (1309-1377) in which the Pope resided in Avignon, France
WESTERN SCHISM – widespread division in Catholic unity caused by rival claims to the Papacy
COUNCIL OF CONSTANCE – Ecumenical Council called to resolve the Western Schism and elect a
legitimate Pope
BLACK DEATH – plague during the mid-1300’s which killed as much as 1/3 of the population of Europe
DATES TO KNOW
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AD1054 – EASTERN SCHISM
AD1073-1085 – Papacy of Pope St. Gregory VII (Gregorian Reforms)
AD1095-1270 – CRUSADES
1200’s-1400’s – INQUISITION
AD1309-1377 – AVIGNON PAPACY
AD1347-1352 – Black Death
AD1378-1417 – GREAT WESTERN SCHISM
AD1414-1417 – Council of Constance
PEOPLE TO KNOW
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Pope St. Gregory VII – Pope from 1073-1085 who was responsible for reforming the Church when things
like lay investiture, simony, and sexual impurity were a major problem in the Church
Blessed Pope Urban II – Pope responsible for preaching the Crusades to defend the Christian Holy Land
St. Francis of Assisi – Italian Catholic deacon who lived a life of radical poverty in imitation of Christ and
is credited with starting the Franciscan order
St. Dominic de Guzman – Spanish Catholic priest who embraced a vocation to preach the Catholic Faith
throughout Europe and Asia and is credited with starting the Dominican order
Pope Clement V – Pope who left Rome for Avignon
St. Catherine of Siena and Bridget of Sweden – Dominican nuns responsible for encouraging Pope
Gregory XI to leave Avignon and return to Rome
Pope Martin V – Pope elected by the Council of Constance to end the Western Schism
I. THE MIDDLE AGES: 2 MAJOR PROBLEMS
A. OBEDIENCE TO THE CHURCH
________________________ is at the core of the struggle of sin and holiness
See Genesis3 & Philippians2
While the Church cannot be too political, there MUST be respect for and obedience to the Church as
God’s spokesman in the world which __________________________________________________
This goes for both ________________________ and ________________________
When obedience is rejected, it is guaranteed to result in disaster!
Examples: ___________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Eastern Schism (AD1054)
Sts. Cyril & Methodius came from Constantinople in the 800’s
Introduced __________________ alphabet
Vernacular in ______________________
Greek customs into the Church
Married priests, beards, no fasting on Saturday, leavened bread in the Mass, “Alleluia”
during Lent
ALL APPROVED BY ______________________!!!
Other problems
The East/Greek & West/Latin become more _________________
Tension between the Pope and the ______________________
Crowning of Charlemagne – who was illiterate – as “Roman Emperor” offended __________
Filioque dispute
Result: Patriarch excommunicates the Pope & the Pope’s delegates return the favor
Problem: the Pope is actually _________________ at the time
4th Crusade (AD1204) seals ________________________________
The city of Venice sacked Constantinople
AD1453 – Constantinople falls to the __________________________
The West was slow to _________________________________the East’s aid
Constantinople becomes ______________________________ under the Muslims
The Crusades
The Muslims are trying to take over the world!
There’s a fear the Muslims will conquer ________________________________.
GOAL: liberate the ________________________ & stop the expansion of Islam
Called by Bl. Pope Urban II
THE OUTCOME
1st Crusade (1095-1099) – Recapture Jerusalem: ___________________________________
2nd Crusade (1141) – Recapture Damascus: _______________________________________
3rd Crusade (1189 – 1192) – Recapture Jerusalem: _________________________________
Recapture True Cross: ________________________________
4th Crusade (1201-1204) – things go downhill – sacking of Constantinople
5th Crusade (1212) – Children’s Crusade – ________________________________________
OUTCOME OF THE CRUSADES
Diminished enthusiasm and religious fervor for ______________________ were the result
Victory is fleeting: Christian control of the Holy Land ended in 1291
It would be ______________ before Christian forces would have a foothold in the region
Muslims are held back for ____________________________________
Improvements
Intellectual life
Military technology (defenses & weaponry)
Western Culture
Missionary development (Asia, esp. China)
Muslims would give control of Christian Holy Places in Palestine to ___________________
B. BALANCING POWER BETWEEN THE CHURCH & STATE
During the Dark Ages, it was only the ____________________ which governed the West
As secular rules began to re-gain power in the Middle Ages, ________________________________
caused lots of problems
Important note: when the Church tries to become too political _______________________________
Examples: _____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6 Examples of the Struggle b/w the Church and state
1. Pope Sylvester & Constantine (313)
o When Christianity is legalized, Constantine gives the Church ________________
o There are now ___________________________ for joining the Catholic Faith
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Even the motives of the Pope are somewhat marred by these privileges
2. Pope Leo III & Charlemagne (800)
o Due to the attacks by the Barbarians, Leo III is in need of _______________________________
o Charlemagne gives the needed military support to Leo III in exchange for the title of “Holy
Roman Emperor”
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This will obviously offend the Emperor ________________________ who sees himself
as the Roman Emperor
3. Pope Gregory VII & Henry IV (1077)
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Henry IV wanted to control the Church – names a __________________________________
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Gregory saw that as an attack on his authority & ____________________________________
o No longer faithful to the Church, citizens are no longer bound to pay him taxes nor is the
military to support him
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Gregory forces Henry to come 3 days barefoot through the snow as a sign of repentance, and
Gregory _________________________________________
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BUT…1 year later, Henry will go so far as to unlawfully name a Pope
o Technically, it’s _________________________________
4. St. Thomas Becket & Henry II of England (1170)
o Henry II published the laws known as the ________________________________________
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This created taxes on Church property, the right of the state to seize Church property, and
the right to try priests and bishops in ordinary courts
o Thomas Becket refused to allow such things
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Henry II: Who will rid me of this pesky priest?
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Becket is murdered in his own Cathedral, presumably by _________________________
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This becomes a long-standing example of what NOT to do to the Church as a head of
state
5. Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)
o This is the high point of _____________________________________
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Because of the Becket incident, the kings of Europe back off and Innocent has a wide
range of authority
o He excommunicates the kings of Europe ________________________________
o This immerses the Church greatly in worldly affairs
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After this, the Church goes 2 years without a ___________________
6. Pope Boniface VIII & Philip the Fair (1294)
o AD1294 sees two problems in the papacy
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Celestine V resigns (only pope to ______________) showing weaknesses in the papacy
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Boniface VIII seriously ____________________________
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Even every leaf of every tree must obey the Pope’s commands
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Issues Unam Sanctam emphasizing the Pope’s supreme authority
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A true message at _____________________________
o Philip the Fair of France is not impressed
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In a battle with Boniface, Philip’s soldiers slap the Pope as a sign of their rejection of the
Pope’s authority
The Final Straw…Avignon Papacy (1305-1377)
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French kings trying to manipulate the Pope by manipulating _____________ who elect the Pope
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A French Pope pressured by the French king moves the Papal residence to France showing the
French king’s power ___________________________________
The Final Straw…Western Schism (1378-1414)
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When the Pope does return – thank you, St. Catherine of Siena and
St. Bridget of Sweden – the struggle ________________________
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Kings still try to control the Pope, establish their own Pope
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At one point, there’s even _______________________ to be Pope
Council of Constance (1414-1417)
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A temporary peace is settled when a council establishes a true Pope
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Problem: the Council looks to have __________________________________ the Pope
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Questions begin to arise: do we really need the Pope? Doesn’t he just cause more harm than
good?
II. OTHER RELEVANT POINTS
A. THE MENDICANT ORDERS
In the midst of the turmoil, many Catholics want to return to ____________________________ (away
from clerical abuses of simony & clerical unchastity)
One solution: by rejecting the Church & ______________________________________
Cathars & Albigensians (radical poverty, Manichaeans are back); Waldensians
Another solution: accepting the Church’s teachings and following after ______________________
Franciscans and Dominicans – radical poverty, teaching the truths of the Faith to uncatechized
Catholics, obedience to the Church of Jesus Christ
St. Francis of Assisi (d.1226)
An average child
“Francis, go and build up my house again.”
Against his father’s will, he lived _________________________________________
Gained a strong following: 500 by time of St. Francis’ death
Seeking Papal approval…dream of a beggar holding up Basilica of St. ________________________
Where does the name “Lateran” come from? _________________________________________
By his charity, won favor of Muslims during the ___________________________________
St. Dominic de Guzman (1170-1221)
Starts with the dream of a hound in the wheat field
Urged by his bishop to preach against the _____________________________________
Inspired by St. Francis, St. Dominic began living __________________________________
Devoted himself to preaching and teaching
Followers would do the same...
Weapon of choice: the ____________________________________
Fruit of the Mendicants
Rejuvenation of the spiritual life: __________________________________________________
2 of the Church’s strongest orders: they become the force for ____________________________
DOMINICANS: St. Thomas Aquinas, Pope St. Pius V, St. Albert the Great, St. Martin de
Porres, St. Rose of Lima, Bl. Fra Angelico
FRANCISCANS: St. Clare, St. Bonaventure, St. Bernadette, St. Thomas More, St. John
Vianney, St. Pius X, St. Louis of France, St. Padre Pio, St. Max Kolbe, St. Charles Borromeo
B. INQUISITION
Inquisition: Background
Western Europe = Catholic; (there was no division)
Heresy was an attack against both the __________________ and the _________________
Pope called for trials against heresy – seeking to maintain unity & apostolicity
GOAL: ____________________________________
Meant for penance rather than justice
Penitential – repent to avoid eternal damnation
Juridical – punish because of the wrongness
The Inquisitors
Special Judges who examined and judged the doctrinal opinions and moral conduct of suspicious
individuals
Inquisitors include _____________________________
Under examination: Albigensians, Cathars
The Trial
A month grace period given to __________________________________________
Without repentance, the trial would begin
EVIDENCE IS NEEDED FOR _________________________________
At least 2 witnesses for conviction
Accused could not see witness list but could provide list of enemies
Punishments
Lighter penalties
Stiffer penalties
Good works
Fines
Making a pilgrimage
Whipping with rods
Offering a candle or giving a chalice
Pillory
Participation in a crusade
Wearing distinguished crosses
Imprisonment
Death Penalty for: _________________________________________________________________
Nobles beheaded, peasants strangled
Inflicted by the state, NOT THE CHURCH
State saw itself as defender of the Church
The Myth of thousands being killed
Some say that 95 million died during the time of the Inquisitions
However those parts of Europe did not have that many people to kill!
(Plus it was around the time of ____________________________ when 1/3 of Europe died)
How many died?
1998 – archives of the Holy Office opened to scholars
800-page report issued; only about _________ were executed
Abuses not as bad as some would say
About 2,000 of the 100,000 placed on trial were __________________________
The Inquisition, in fact, though not perfect, was a more just court than most. Often, people
charged with regular crimes would pretend to be heretics so that they could be transferred to the
custody of the Inquisition, whose prisoners were better treated.
C. THE BLACK DEATH 1347-1352
Causes
Demographic changes: ___________________________________________________________
When the PLAGUE was brought over from Asia, it was easily transmitted…
Transmission by fleas on ________________ – 50% mortality rate
Pneumonic form – 90% mortality
Effect of the Plague
All of Europe _______________________________ (esp. bishops & priests)
Sanitary problems
Jews accused of ____________________________
Pope issued two documents saying _____________________________
As much as ______________________________________ may have died from the plague
Superstitions increased: some it as a punishment from God for sinfulness
Lasting Results…
Many towns without a priest, which means: ________________________________
BIGGEST PROBLEM: because young priests learned from older priests, no ________________
This will set the stage for a weakening of the Church in _________________________________
III. SUMMARY
At the end of the “Middle Ages”, there’s trouble brewing…
People question ____________________
Necessity of the Pope, authority of the Pope, obedience to the Pope
The people are not well connected with the Church because
1. _____________________________________________
2. _____________________________________________
Catholics begin to wonder about the value of the Church at all…