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Copyright © 2014 Travis Terry
APATITE
QUARTZ
FELDSPAR
HEMATITE
The ROCK CYCLE is the continuous process by
which rocks are formed, changed from one form
to another, destroyed, and then formed again.
The concept of the Rock Cycle
is attributed to James Hutton,
the 18th century founder of
modern of geology.
1726 -1797
Nationality: Scotland
There is…
MELTING
COOLING
HEAT & PRESSURE
WEATHERING & EROSION
COMPACTION & CEMENTATION
Let’s talk about what each process is!
Start with a blank rock cycle
with only the main components:
IGNEOUS ROCK
MAGMA
SEDIMENT
METAMORPHIC ROCK
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Now, let’s start with MELTING!
IGNEOUS ROCK
MAGMA
SEDIMENT
METAMORPHIC ROCK
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
MELTING – the process in which a solid becomes
a liquid from increasing temperatures.
IGNEOUS ROCK
MAGMA
As you can
see, EVERY type of rock can
MELT and turn back into MAGMA!
melting
What is MAGMA!?
melting
melting
SEDIMENT
MAGMA – hot, liquid rock beneath the
Earth’s surface
METAMORPHIC ROCK
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Next, MAGMA undergoes a COOLING process to
turn itself into IGNEOUS ROCK!
IGNEOUS ROCK
MAGMA
What is IGNEOUS ROCK!?
cooling
IGNEOUS ROCK – rock that is formed from the
cooling and
solidification
of
molten
rock.
SEDIMENT
COOLING
– the
process
in
which
magma
melting
melting
EXTRUSIVE
Igneous Rocks
formed
from
cools
and crystallizes
, rapidly
or slowly,
molten
rock into
abovea(lava)
Earth’s surface
and turns
form the
of igneous
rock. .
melting
INTRUSIVE Igneous Rocks formed from
molten rock below (magma) the Earth’s surface.
METAMORPHIC ROCK
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Some igneous rocks include…
PUMICE
OBSIDIAN
RHYOLITE
DIORITE
ANDESITE
SCORIA
ALL rocks can undergo HEAT & PRESSURE later in their
existence and change into a METAMORPHIC ROCK.
IGNEOUS ROCK
MAGMA
cooling
HEAT – Extremely high
temperatures due to
the Earth’s interior.
What is METAMORPHIC ROCK!?
melting
METAMORPHIC ROCK – a type of rock that has changed
SEDIMENT
into another because
melting of extreme heat and pressure.
melting
PRESSURE – Extremely high
FOLIATED Metamorphic
Rocks pressure
form from
uneven
pressure
due
to the weight
of
heat &
pressure
that deforms the rock,
making it
appear
to have
the
rock above
andstripes.
around.
heat &
NON-FOLIATED
Metamorphic
Rocks form from high
pressure
heat &
temperatures and lowpressure
pressure causing the minerals in
METAMORPHIC
SEDIMENTARY
the original
rockROCK
to recrystallize
intoROCK
larger sizes.
IGNEOUS ⇨ METAMORPHIC
• Granite ⇨ Gneiss
• Basalt ⇨ Greenstone
SEDIMENTARY ⇨ METAMORPHIC
 Limestone
⇨ Marble
 Sandstone
⇨ Quartzite
 Shale
⇨ Slate
METAMORPHIC ⇨ METAMORPHIC
 Phyllite ⇨ Schist
 Schist ⇨ Gneiss
ALL rocks can undergo WEATHERING & EROSION later
in their existence and change into a SEDIMENT.
IGNEOUS ROCK
WEATHERING
– the
MAGMA
cooling
breakdown of rocks into
smaller pieces by forces
melting
such as the air and water.
What is SEDIMENT!?
weathering
& erosion
SEDIMENT
– naturally
occurring material
EROSION
– the movement
of
SEDIMENT
rock(rocks,
and sediment
from
one
melting
dirt,
is
broken
down
by
melting sand) that weathering
& erosion
place to another by forces
ofheatweathering
and erosion.
weathering
suchprocesses
as air and water.
&
& erosion
pressure
heat &
pressure
Sediment could be as small as
a speck of dust to something
heat &
as massive
as a boulder!
pressure
METAMORPHIC ROCK
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Sediments go through a process called COMPACTION
& CEMENTATION to form SEDIMENTARY ROCKS!
IGNEOUS ROCK
COMPACTIONMAGMA
– the squeezing
cooling
together of sediment due to
the
enormous weight of the layers of
rock and sediment above.
melting
What is SEDIMENTARY ROCK!?
weathering
& erosion
SEDIMENTARY ROCK – a layered rock that is formed from the
CEMENTATION
the changing
SEDIMENT
processes of –compaction
and cementation
of sediments.
melting
weathering
of sediment into
rock by filling
melting
& erosion
SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS
are
the only
types
of
spaces around the sediments
weathering compaction &
heat &
cementation
erosionpreserved.
with minerals.
rocks
in which
fossils can& be
pressure
heat &
pressure
heat &
pressure
METAMORPHIC ROCK
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
There are THREE types of sedimentary rocks
classified by the way in which they formed!
IGNEOUS ROCK
CLASTIC Sedimentary Rocks form from clasts of preexisting rock
that have compacted and cemented into a
MAGMA
cooling typically have a rough or gritty
larger rock. Clastic rocks
texture from all the smaller pieces that make it up.
weathering
& erosion
melting
melting
melting
heat &
pressure
heat &
pressure
SEDIMENT
weathering
& erosion
weathering
& erosion
compaction &
cementation
heat &
pressure
METAMORPHIC ROCK
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
There are THREE types of sedimentary rocks
classified by the way in which they formed!
IGNEOUS ROCK
CHEMICAL Sedimentary
Rocks form when minerals
crystallize directly from water. These rocks have an
MAGMA
cooling
interlocking crystalline
structure, are composed of one
type of mineral, and are uniform in color.
weathering
& erosion
melting
melting
melting
heat &
pressure
heat &
pressure
SEDIMENT
weathering
& erosion
weathering
& erosion
compaction &
cementation
heat &
pressure
METAMORPHIC ROCK
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
There are THREE types of sedimentary rocks
classified by the way in which they formed!
IGNEOUS ROCK
BIOCHEMICAL Sedimentary Rocks form from organisms
or containsMAGMA
the remains of organisms. They can often be
cooling
identified by viewing
fossils in the rock.
weathering
& erosion
melting
melting
melting
heat &
pressure
heat &
pressure
SEDIMENT
weathering
& erosion
weathering
& erosion
compaction &
cementation
heat &
pressure
METAMORPHIC ROCK
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Some sedimentary rocks include…
CHERT
SANDSTONE
DOLOMITE
BRECCIA
CONGLOMERATE
GYPSUM
IGNEOUS ROCK
MAGMA
cooling
THE END!
weathering
& erosion
melting
melting
melting
heat &
pressure
heat &
pressure
SEDIMENT
weathering
& erosion
weathering
& erosion
compaction &
cementation
heat &
pressure
METAMORPHIC ROCK
SEDIMENTARY ROCK