Download Risk of predation may explain the absence of nuptial coloration in

Evolutionary Ecology Research, 2001, 3: 889–898
Risk of predation may explain the absence of nuptial
coloration in the wall lizard, Podarcis muralis
José Martín* and Pilar López
Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales,
CSIC, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
ABSTRACT
Males of many species show conspicuous breeding colours that are important in social contexts, whereas other species are dull coloured. Bright coloration may be selected against if it
renders males more conspicuous and results in a higher susceptibility to predators. We tested
this hypothesis experimentally by manipulating in the field the coloration of the heads of
live common wall lizards, Podarcis muralis. Probably because of the small sample size, we did
not detect a significant difference in the survivorship of control individuals (painted brown to
resemble their natural dull coloration) and that of experimental individuals (painted orange to
resemble nuptial coloration of related species). However, within the individuals that survived,
experimental lizards suffered a significantly greater loss of relative body mass than controls. We
conclude that, even if bright coloration does not increase mortality directly, it may result in
increased predation risk, which would force lizards to use anti-predatory behaviours, with their
increased associated costs.
Keywords: costs of refuge use, lizards, nuptial coloration, Podarcis muralis, predation risk.
INTRODUCTION
Among vertebrates, males of many species use conspicuous body coloration to convey
information about the sender, such as fighting ability, sex recognition or reproductive
status (e.g. Cooper and Greenberg, 1992; Andersson, 1994). This raises the question of why
males of some species have bright colours, whereas others, even in the same genus, are dull
coloured. Female choice and male–male competition generally favour bright coloration in
males. However, predation is often assumed to constrain the evolution of more elaborate
male ornaments because, as males evolve brighter coloration, they are assumed to be easier
to detect and to face increased predation risk (Kirkpatrick et al., 1990; Andersson, 1994).
Therefore, the signal may be selected against and could only be maintained by an adaptive
benefit outweighing the effect of increased risk of predation (Reimchen, 1989; Zuk and
Kolluru, 1998).
Predation is often difficult to study in the wild. Some research has quantified the
risk of predatory attacks by using artificial models or mounts of birds (Götmark, 1993,
* Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: [email protected]
Consult the copyright statement on the inside front cover for non-commercial copying policies.
© 2001 José Martín
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