Download Chapter_2-Organic_Chemistry_Biology

Biochemistry
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Macromolecules-large molecules made of
thousands of units.
Monomer-one unit
Polymer-many units joined into a chain
(polymerization)
4 Types of Macromolecules in all life.
1. Carbohydrates
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Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen (1:2:1)
Provide energy
Used for plant structures (cellulose)
Sugars (small units) and starches (large units)
Sugars all end in “-ose” (sucrose, glucose, lactose,
fructose, dextrose)
Units: Monosaccharides
2 units: Disaccharide 3 units: Polysaccaride
EX. Starch,cellulose, glycogen
Glucose-simplest sugar
Starches-used by plants and animals
Glycogen- Used by animals only
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More bonds to break
Cellulose-used by plants for cell walls
Complex carbohydrate
- monomer monosaccharide
Types of complex Carbohydrates
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Glycogen- found in animals. We store our
sugars in the liver
Cellulose- found in plants and cell walls in
plant cells. It is used for holding structure of
plants
Starch- storage of energy in plants. Found in
potatoes, beets, etc.
Glucose- C6H12O6 Simple sugar used by
plants
Video Carbohydrate
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Carbohydrate
2. Lipids
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C, H, and O
Store energy, membranes, waterproof
coverings (plants)
Fats, oils, waxes, steroids (hormones like
testosterone)
1 Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids (Triglyceride)
Phospholipids
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Makes up plasma membranes
Glycerol and 3 Fatty Acids
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Lipid structure
3. Proteins
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N, C, H, O
Building blocks of life
Units: Amino Acids
When 2 or more amino acids join to form a
protein they connect by a Peptide Bond
2 amino acids make a dipeptide
Many amino acids make a polypeptide
Amino Acids forming Dipeptide
Proteins
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Examples
Insulin-enzyme that controls the amount of
blood sugar
Hemoglobin- protein in red blood cells that
carries oxygen
Enzymes are Proteins!!
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Biological catalysts
Speed up reactions
Proteins (End in “-ase”)
Must be activated to work
Lower Activation Energy
Inhibitors
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Slow down reactions by changing the
activation site’s shape (toxins)
Raise activation energy
Lock and Key Model of Enzymes
(proteins)
Enzyme video
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For enzymes to work a key must fit into a lock (just
like a car key)
Substrate-key
Activation site on the enzyme-lock
4. Nucleic Acids
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H, O, N, C, P
Store/Transmit Heredity
Only 2: DNA and RNA
Units: Nucleotides:
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5-Carbon Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous Base
Nucleic Acid Video
Nucleic Acids
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RNA
DNA
Nucleotide
Which of the following are building
blocks of carbohydrates?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Amino acids
3 fatty acids and a glycerol
Monosaccharide
None of these
Food Tests
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Sugars-Benedict’s Solution-Red
Starch-Iodine-Blue and Black
Protein-Biuret’s Solution-Pinkish Purple
Lipids-Clear spot spreads outwards on paper
Identify the following as a carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid or
inorganic substance also tell the building block of each
1. DNA
2. Enzyme
3. Muscle
4. Glucose
5. Monosaccharide
6. Wax
7. Cellulose
8. starch
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9. glycogen
10. amino acid
11. fatty acids and a
glycerol
12. glass
13. mineral
14. hemoglobin
15. steroid