Download Types of Mutualisms

Coevolution
I.
Types of Interactions
A. Overview:
B. Competition:
C. Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism:
D. Mutualisms
Also a feedback loop of selective pressures - coevolution
Mutualism
Coevolution
I.
Types of Interactions
A. Overview:
B. Competition:
C. Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism:
D. Mutualisms
Diffuse: groups of generalists interacting
Coevolution
I.
Types of Interactions
A. Overview:
B. Competition:
C. Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism:
D. Mutualisms
Specialized/Obligate: single species interacting
Coevolution
I.
Types of Interactions
A. Overview:
B. Competition:
C. Predation, Herbivory, and Parasitism:
D. Mutualisms
Specialized/Obligate: single species interacting
Deeper flowers limit access to one pollinator species.
This species always gets a reward at this flower;
increases its fidelity.
Increase in fidelity increases its effectiveness as a
pollinator (increases fitness of plant).
- Types of Mutualisms: Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients
- Types of Mutualisms: Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients
- Types of Mutualisms: Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients
- Types of Mutualisms: Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients
Rhizobium bacteria fix nitrogen, breaking N2
into N, which reacts with water and oxygen to
form NO2 and NO3 that can be absorbed by
plant. Infect legumes; plant provides sugars.
- Types of Mutualisms: Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients
Ectomycorrhiza and
“Endo”- or arbuscular mycorrhizae
- Types of Mutualisms: Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients
Lichens – an alga and a fungus
- Types of Mutualisms: Trophic Mutualisms – help one another get nutrients
Mixed foraging flocks
- Types of Mutualisms: Defensive Mutualisms – trade protection for food
- Types of Mutualisms: Defensive Mutualisms – trade protection for food
Ants ‘farm’ the fungus, culturing it on a chewed-leaf mulch.
- Types of Mutualisms: Defensive Mutualisms – trade protection for food
Acacia and Acacia ants
Induced and Constitutive Defenses in Acacia.
The species in the right-hand column
have mutualistic relationships with
ant species - the ants nest in the
thorns. Those on the left can attract
ants with extra-floral nectary
secretions, but the ants do not nest.
The Acacia species on the left
increase their nectar secretions after
damage, inducing wandering ants to
come visit and stay a while.
The species on the right have to
support the ant colonies all the time,
and nectar production is uniformly
high and unaffected by damage.
Induced and Constitutive Defenses in Acacia.
The species in the right-hand column
have mutualistic relationships with
ant species - the ants nest in the
thorns. Those on the left can attract
ants with extra-floral nectary
secretions, but the ants do not nest.
The Acacia species on the left
increase their nectar secretions after
damage, inducing wandering ants to
come visit and stay a while.
The species on the right have to
support the ant colonies all the time,
and nectar production is uniformly
high and unaffected by damage.
WHICH CAME FIRST??
Induced and Constitutive Defenses in Acacia.
Induced defenses first,
then the obligate
relationship evolved…
Todd M. Palmer, Maureen L. Stanton, Truman P. Young, Jacob R. Goheen, Robert M.
Pringle, Richard Karban. 2008. Breakdown of an Ant-Plant Mutualism Follows the Loss
of Large Herbivores from an African Savanna. Science 319:192-195.
Fig. 1. Rewards produced in the presence
(white bars) and absence (gray bars) of
large herbivores by A. drepanolobium
occupied by different species of Acacia
ants. Ant species' abbreviations are
indicated as: Cs, C. sjostedti; Cm, C.
mimosae; Cn, C. nigriceps; Tp, T. penzigi.
Plants produce fewer rewards when
large herbivores are absent and
herbivory rates are LOWER. Bribing
ants to stay and protect them is less
important.
Todd M. Palmer, Maureen L. Stanton, Truman P. Young, Jacob R. Goheen, Robert M.
Pringle, Richard Karban. 2008. Breakdown of an Ant-Plant Mutualism Follows the Loss
of Large Herbivores from an African Savanna. Science 319:192-195.
Fig. 2. The proportion of host
trees occupied by the four
Acacia-ant species in the
presence of large herbivores
(white bars) and in plots from
which large herbivores had
been excluded (gray bars) for
10 years.
And if large herbivores are
excluded and plants produce
less nectar, then some ants
abandon the trees (the
mutualist).
“Our results indicate that the large herbivores typical of African savannas
have driven the evolution and maintenance of a widespread ant-Acacia
mutualism and that their experimentally simulated extinction rapidly tips the
scales away from mutualism and toward a suite of antagonistic behaviors
by the interacting species. Browsing by large herbivores induces greater
production of nectary and domatia rewards by trees, and these rewards in
turn influence both the behavior of a specialized, mutualistic ant symbiont
and the outcome of competition between this mutualist and a non-obligate
host-plant parasite. Where herbivores are present, the carbohydrate
subsidy provided by host trees plays a key role in the dominance of the
strongly mutualistic C. mimosae, which is consistent with the hypothesis
that plant exudates fuel dominance of canopy ant species that are
specialized users of these abundant resources (28). In the absence of large
herbivores, reduction in host-tree rewards to ant associates results in a
breakdown in this mutualism, which has strong negative consequences for
Acacia growth and survival. Ongoing anthropogenic loss of large herbivores
throughout Africa (29, 30) may therefore have strong and unanticipated
consequences for the broader communities in which these herbivores
occur.”
Todd M. Palmer, Maureen L. Stanton, Truman P. Young, Jacob R. Goheen, Robert M.
Pringle, Richard Karban. 2008. Breakdown of an Ant-Plant Mutualism Follows the Loss
of Large Herbivores from an African Savanna. Science 319:192-195.
- Types of Mutualisms: Defensive Mutualisms – trade protection for food
Ants ‘farm’ aphids and drink their ‘honeydew’
- Types of Mutualisms: Cleaning Mutualisms – trade cleaning for food
- Types of Mutualisms: Dispersing Mutualisms – trade dispersal for food
- Types of Mutualisms: Dispersing Mutualisms – trade dispersal for food
Dispersive Mutualisms – Trade dispersal for food
- Types of Mutualisms: Dispersing Mutualisms – trade dispersal for food
Not mutualism
(commensal or
parasitic)
- Types of Mutualisms: Social Cooperation
Nowak, M. A. 2006. Five rules for the evolution of cooperation.
Science 314:1560-1563.
- Types of Mutualisms:
Fish visit non-cheating
cleaners more
And watched cleaners
cheat less.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frpp6DjCaJU
Nowak, M. A. 2006. Five rules for the evolution of
cooperation. Science 314:1560-1563.
Coevolution
I. Types of Interactions
II. Evolutionary Effects
A. Diversification
Coevolution
I. Types of Interactions
II. Evolutionary Effects
A. Diversification
Mullerian mimics: mutualists…
Radiation of geographic subspecies in one
species is largely matched by divergence
in other.
Coevolution
I. Types of Interactions
II. Evolutionary Effects
B. Speciation and Radiations
Leafhoppers, cicadas, and planthoppers and
their endosymbionts
Coevolution
I. Types of Interactions
II. Evolutionary Effects
B. Speciation and Radiations
Coevolution
I. Types of Interactions
II. Evolutionary Effects
B. Speciation and Radiations
Radiation of Arthropods stimulated by
predation
Coevolution
I. Types of Interactions
II. Evolutionary Effects
C. Major Evolutionary Innovations And Mutualisms
Endosymbiotic Theory and origins of
Eukaryotes
Coevolution
I. Types of Interactions
II. Evolutionary Effects
C. Major Evolutionary Innovations And Mutualisms
Evolution of multicellularity
Coevolution
I. Types of Interactions
II. Evolutionary Effects
III. The Changing Nature of Interactions
A. Competition
Facilitation
Initially facultative (commensal) relationships,
like one plant shading another in the desert)
can become competitive when they are large.
Coevolution
I. Types of Interactions
II. Evolutionary Effects
III. The Changing Nature of Interactions
A. Competition
Facilitation
Trees may compete for light aboveground, but
share nutrients via mycorrhizal fungi
belowground – even between species
Coevolution
I. Types of Interactions
II. Evolutionary Effects
III. The Changing Nature of Interactions
A. Competition
Facilitation
Old dieing trees shunt nutrients to younger
trees – even between species- through
mycorrhizal networks. May be change in
relationships with the fungus, whereby ‘old
tree’ is being parasitized while young tree is
being facilitated. Net result is shunting of
carbon.
B. Mutualism
Parasitism
Orchids, Euglossine Bees, and Wasps.
B. Mutualism
Parasitism