Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download now (.zip)
Document related concepts
Transcript
The Stress-Response •Mobilization of energy •Increased cardiovascular tone •Suppression of digestion • •Suppression of growth •Suppression of reproduction •Enhancement of immune system •Sharpening of cognition The consequences of chronic stress •Mobilization of energy………………………Fatigue, diabetes, muscle loss •Increased cardiovascular tone…………….Hypertension, heart disease •Suppression of digestion…………………..Stress ulcers • •Suppression of growth……………………..Stress dwarfism •Suppression of reproduction………………Anovulation, erectile dysfunction •Enhancement of immune system…………Immune suppression, accelerated chromosomal aging of immune cells •Sharpening of cognition……………………Impaired memory and judgment The consequences of chronic stress •Mobilization of energy………………………Fatigue, diabetes, muscle loss •Increased cardiovascular tone…………….Hypertension, heart disease •Suppression of digestion…………………..Stress ulcers • •Suppression of growth……………………..Stress dwarfism •Suppression of reproduction………………Anovulation, erectile dysfunction •Enhancement of immune system…………Immune suppression •Sharpening of cognition……………………Impaired memory and judgment Stress effects on the hippocampus: the realm of memory Impaired synaptic plasticity Atrophy of dendritic networks of communication Fewer new neurons Dead neurons! Decreased overall hippocampal volume Result: Impaired formation and retrieval of long-term memories Effects of stress and GCs on fear and anxiety Increased: -post-shock freezing -consolidation of fear conditioning -cued & contextual fear memory -resistance to fear extinction -anxiety Conrad, Fanselow, Korte, LeDoux, McGaugh, Quirk, Roozendaal, Sandi Effects of stress and GCs on the amygdala Increased: -synaptic excitability -dendritic aborization LeDoux, Vyas, Mitra, Chatterjee Result: More anxiety, faster fearconditioning, slower habituation Combining hippocampal and amygdaloid effects of chronic stress: Weakened conscious memories; Exaggerated autonomic memories. The effects of chronic stress in the mesolimbic dopamine system Depletion of dopamine Piazza, Maccari, Le Moal Result: Loss of the capacity for pleasure: DEPRESSION The effects of stress in the frontal cortex Decreased connectivity in neural networks by way of fewer dendritic branches and spines Recovery that produces a “different” frontal cortex, cytoarchitecturally Wellman, Radley, Morrison Result: Dumb-Ass decisions that seem really insightful at the time you make them When does predictive information help? Latency until stressor Immediate No time to plan coping strategy Helpful Long in future The anticipatory anxiety outweighs the advantages When does predictive information help? Likelihood of stressor Extremely Likely You already assume it will happen Helpful Extremely Unlikely You’re not worrying about it When does a sense of control help? Severity of stressor Mild stressor Helpful Look how much worse It could have been Disastrous stressor Look how much better It could have been QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. DOPAMINE Signal Work Reward DOPAMINE Signal Work Reward DOPAMINE 100% ________ 50% --------- Signal Work Reward QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Day 1 1 pellet Day 2 2 pellets Day 3 2 pellets 1 pellet QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Ishi, last of the Southern Yahi Tribe in California, forced to live in Anthropology Museum at Berkeley QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
